1. Intro to the Solar System

2. Scaling Often one is interested in how quantities change when an object or a system is enlarged or shortened Different quantities will change by different factors! Typical example: how does the circumference, surface, volume of a sphere change when its radius changes?

3. How does it scale? Properties of objects scale like the perimeter, the area or the volume –Mass scales like the volume (“more of the same stuff”) –A roof will collect rain water proportional to its surface area

4. Example: Newton’s Law of Gravity Note that in order to compute a "factor of change" you can ask: by what factor do I have to multiply the original quantity in order to get the desired quantity? Example: Q: By what factor does the circumference of a circle change, if its diameter is halved? A: It changes by a factor 1/2 = 0.5, i.e. (new circumference) = 0.5 * (original circumference), regardless of the value of the original circumference. If the mass of the Sun was bigger by a factor 2.7, by what factor would the force of gravity change?  scales linear with mass  same factor If the mass of the Earth was bigger by a factor 2.2, by what factor would the force of gravity change?  scales linear with mass  same factor If the distance between the Earth and the Sun was bigger by a factor 1.2, by what factor would the force of gravity change?  falls off like the area  factor 1/ f 2 = 1/1.44 = 0.694

5. From Phrase to Equation Important skill: translate a relation into an equation, and vice versa Most people have problems with this arithmetical reasoning

6. The Solar System

7. Contents of the Solar System Sun Planets – 9 known (now: 8) –Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars (“Terrestrials”) –Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (“Jovians”) –Pluto (a Kuiper Belt object?) Natural satellites (moons) – over a hundred Asteroids and Meteoroids –6 known that are larger than 300 km across –Largest, Ceres, is about 940 km in diameter Comets Rings Dust

8. Size matters: radii of the Planets

9. Sun: Jupiter: Earth: Moon = 110:11:1:1/4

10. The Astronomical Unit A convenient unit of length for discussing the solar system is the Astronomical Unit (A.U.) One A.U. is the average distance between the Earth and Sun –About 1.5  10 8 km or 8 light-minutes Entire solar system is about 80 A.U. across

11. The Terrestrial Planets Small, dense and rocky Mercury Venus Earth Mars

12. The Jovian Planets Large, made out of gas, and low density Jupiter Uranus Saturn Neptune

13. Asteroids, Comets and Meteors Debris in the Solar System

14. Asteroids

15. Asteroid Discovery First (and largest) Asteroid Ceres discovered New Year’s 1801 by G. Piazzi, fitting exactly into Bode’s law: a=2.8 A.U. Today more than 100,000 asteroids known Largest diameter 960 km, smallest: few km Most of them are named about 20 of them are visible with binoculars

16. Comets - Traveling Dirty Snowballs Small icy bodies, “dirty snowballs” Develops a “tail” as it approaches the Sun

17. Comet Anatomy Tail may be up to 1 A.U. long

18. Comet Tail Two kinds of tails: Dust Ion (charged particles)

19. Shapes Comet Giacobini- Zinner (1959) Ion tail 500,000 km long Coma: 70,000 km across Comet Hale-Bopp (1997) Tail 40° long as seen from earth

20. Halley’s Comet – a typical Comet

21. Meteor Showers – caused by comets RadiantDuration Quadrantids (QUA)Dec. 28-Jan. 7 Lyrids (LYR)Apr. 16-25 Eta AquaridsApr. 21-May 12 Beta TauridsJune 30 Delta Aquarids July 25-31 Perseids (PER) Aug. 10-14 Draconids Oct. 6-10 Orionids (ORI) Oct. 15-29 TauridsOct.12- Dec 2 Leonids (LEO) Nov. 14-20 Geminids (GEM)Dec. 6-19

22. Meteors, Meteroids and Meteorites A Meteor is a sudden strike of light in the night sky A Meteoroid is a small asteroid, less than 100 m in diameter A Meteorite is any piece of interplanetary matter that survives the passage through Earth’s atmosphere and lands on Earth’s surface

23. Meteors and Meteorites Small particles that strike the atmosphere Come from fragments of asteroids, Moon, Mars, comets Strike the earth all the time (“meteorites”) –High speed means lots of energy released on impact

24. Meteorites – the Remains of Meteors

25. Impact Craters Quebec's Manicouagan Reservoir. Large meteorite landed about 200 million years ago. The lake, 45 miles in diameter, now fills the ring. Barringer Crater, AZ 0.8 mi diameter, 200 yd deep; produced by impact about 25,000 years ago

26. Tunguska ~30 m body struck Siberia in 1908 Energy equal to that of a 10 Megaton bomb! Detonation above ground; several craters

27. Frequency of Impact Events

28. Formation of the Solar System Features to explain: –planets are far apart, not bunched together –orbits of planets are nearly circular –orbits of planets lie mostly in a single plane –directions of revolution of planets about Sun is the same, and is the same as the direction of the Sun's rotation –directions of rotation of planets about their axes is also mostly in the same direction as the Sun's (exceptions: Venus, Uranus, Pluto) –most moons revolve around their planets in the same direction as the rotation of the planets –differentiation between inner (terrestrial) and outer (Jovian) planets –existence and properties of the asteroids –existence and properties of the comets

29. Formation of the Solar System Condenses from a rotating cloud of gas and dust –Conservation of angular momentum flattens it Dust helps cool the nebula and acts as seeds for the clumping of matter

30. Formation of Planets Orbiting dust – planitesimals Planitesimals collide Different elements form in different regions due to temperature Asteroids Remaining gas

31. Structure of the Planets explained Temperature and density of materials drop with distance to sun

32. Cleaning up the Solar System Small objects are forced out of the inner Solar System by gravitational pull of bigger planets Small planetesimals collide and form planets -- or are thrown out!