1. VERTEBRATES

2. What is a “vertebrate?”
Animal that has a backbone, or a vertebral column
All are part of the Chordate Phylum
Nerve Cord (hollow tube)
Notocord (flexible rod)
Gill Slits (used for breathing)
Post-anal Tail

3. Other characteristics
Cold-blooded (ectotherms) rely on environment for heat
Warm-blooded (endotherms) maintain own body temperature

4. Characteristics cont’d
Open Circulatory System blood not always in vessels
Closed Circulatory System blood always contained in vessels
All Vertebrates

5. FISH: Characteristics
Water-dwelling vertebrates
Scales, fins, gills

6. FISH: Examples Jawless- Cartilagenous- Bony-
No jaws, scales, paired fins; cartilage only
Ex. Lamprey
Cartilagenous-
Cartilage only, toothlike scales
Ex. Sharks, Rays
Bony-
Bones, scales, swim bladders
Ex. Flounder, Bass, Perch

7. FISH: Systems Digestive/Excretory: Nervous: Circulatory: Reproductive:
Developed system: stomach, intestines, etc.
Nervous:
Keen senses: sight, smell, and taste
Circulatory:
Closed Circ. Sys.
Reproductive:
External Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
Respiratory:
Gills take oxygen from water

8. Amphibians: Characteristics
Breathe with gills when immature
Breathe with lungs and skin when mature
Skin has many glands
Lack scales and claws
Undergo metamorphosis
Dramatic changes in body form

9. Amphibians: Examples
Frogs
Toads
Newts, Salamanders

10. Amphibians: Systems Digestive/Excretory: Nervous: Circulatory:
Developed: stomach, intestines, etc.
Nervous:
Developed: large eyesgreat sight
Circulatory:
Closed Circ. System
Reproductive:
External Fertilization
Internal Fertilization (lay fert. eggs)
Respiratory:
-Gills when immature, lungs and skin when mature (skin must stay moist to function)

11. Reptiles: Characteristics
Vertebrates with lungs
Scaly skin
Amniotic eggs (leathery)
Cold-blooded

12. Reptiles: Examples Lizards: alligators, iguanas, dinosaurs Turtles
Snakes

13. Reptiles: Systems Digestive/Excretory: Nervous: Circulatory:
Interesting adaptations for eating; developed system
Nervous:
Developed brains; good senses
Circulatory:
Closed Circulatory System
Reproductive:
Internal Fertilization: most lay leathery eggs
Some give live birth from eggs “hatched” inside
Respiratory:
Use Lungs

14. Birds: Examples Hawks, eagles Robins, wrens Hummingbirds
Penguins, ostriches

15. Birds: Characteristics
Warm-blooded
Amniotic Eggs (shells)
Feathers (made of same substance as reptile scales)

16. Birds: Systems Digestive/Excretory: Nervous: Circulatory:
Big eaters, beak shaped for food source, developed system
Nervous:
Keen senses: Eyesight, hearing
Circulatory:
Closed Circ. Sys.
Reproductive:
Internal fertilization; lay eggs with hard shells
Respiratory:
Air sacs in addition to lungs allow for continuous air flow

17. Mammals: Characteristics
Warm-blooded vertebrates
Hair or fur
Feed young with milk from mammary glands
Many groups of mammals-
Insect-eating, Water-dwelling, Hoofed, Gnawing, etc.

18. Mammals: Examples Egg-laying mammals (monotremes):
Lay eggs
Ex. Duck-billed platypus
Pouched mammals (marsupials):
Give birth to under-developed young, develop in the pouch of the mother
Ex. Kangaroo, koalas, possum
Placental mammals:
Give birth to young that have developed in the mother’s body
Ex. Humans, Dogs, Mice

19. Mammals- Systems Digestive/Excretory: Nervous: Circulatory:
Digestive tract with accessory organs (liver, pancreas, etc.)
Kidneys for excretion
Nervous:
Developed brain and senses
Circulatory:
Closed Circ. System
Reproductive:
Internal fertilization
Eggs, Pouches, Placentas
Respiratory:
Lungs