1. RISE OF THE CITIES 1865-1900

2. IMMIGRATION Population in 1850-23.2 million Population in 1900-76.2 million “New immigration” Late 1880s Southern & Eastern Europe Catholic & Jewish Settled in cities

3. IMMIGRATION Laws restricting immigration Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Ban on all new immigrants from China Restriction on “undesirables” Ban on criminals & mentally/physically incompetent Ellis Island (1882) Immigration center Medical tests Documentation Entry fee

4. URBANIZATION By 1900-40% of Americans lived in cities Movement from farms Improvements Street cars Elevated railroads & subways Steel suspension bridges-suburbs Segregation by income Sky scrapers 1885 in Chicago Only possible with invention of elevator

5. URBANIZATION Ethnic Neighborhoods Immigrants kept culture “Chinatown”, “Little Italy” Dumb bell tenements Sanitary conditions Disease easily spread Need for water & sewage systems Expand police & fire departments Political Machines Controlled ethnic neighborhoods

6. REFORMS Literature Henry George Progress & Poverty (1879) Inequalities caused by industrialization Edward Bellamy Looking Backward 2000-1887 (1888) Envisioned a future free of poverty, greed & crime Encouraged government regulation

8. REFORMS Settlement Houses Social services for immigrants First-”Hull House” Chicago 1889 Jane Addams By 1910-400 in the nation

9. REFORMS Temperance Movement Anti-saloon League (1893) Persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons & bars Carrie Nation of Kansas Raided saloons & smashed barrels of beer with a hatchet

10. RELIGION Protestant leaders “Social Gospel” Importance of applying Christian principles to social problems Catholic leaders Supported organized labor-Knights of Labor Salvation Army Established 1879 Provided basic necessities of life for the poor & homeless Christian Science Attracted urban middle class Founded by Mary Baker Eddy Related health to religion

11. EDUCATION Public Schools McGuffey Reader-education through moral principles Compulsory attendance laws Literacy rate rose to 90% by 1900 Tax-supported high schools College prep curriculum Focus less on agriculture & more on vocational skills for changing society

12. EDUCATION Higher Education Number of colleges increase Morrill Act (1862) Western agricultural colleges Philanthropists University of Connecticut-Rockefeller Colleges just for women 100 coeducational colleges

13. EDUCATION Higher Education Introduction of electives-languages Emphasis in social studies Psych, sociology, anthropology, political science Advance degree programs First generation of scholars that could compete with European scholars Dominated by social activities Sports, fraternities, sororities

14. LITERATURE Themes Realism-greed, violence, racism Naturalism-human v. nature Mark Twain-first realist author Huck Finn ( 1884) William Dean Howells-unequal wealth in industry Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) A Hazard of New Fortunes (1890) Stephen Crane Maggie: a girl of the streets (1893) Red Badge of Courage (1895) Jack London-first naturalist author Call of the Wild (1903) Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie (1900)

16. CULTURE Painting Social Realism Ashcan School Painted scenes of life in poor urban neighborhoods Architecture Louis Sullivan Chicago “Form follows function” Frederick Law Olmsted Planned city parks Central Park-New York City Grounds of US Capitol building (Mall)

18. CULTURE Music John Phillip Sousa Popular marches-outdoor bandstands African American influence New Orleans Scott Joplin Ragtime Pop Culture Newspapers-less objective news & more amusement Joseph Pulitzer-New York World William Randolph Hearst Barnum & Bailey Circus Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show

20. SPORTS Most popular Baseball & boxing John Sullivan Heavyweight boxer 1909-Pres. Taft began tradition of throwing out the first baseball Basketball Invented in 1891 First professional game (1898) First intercollegiate football game (1869) First professional (1920s)

21. AFRICAN-AMERICANS Booker T. Washington Emphasized vocational training Believed in gradualism Founded Tuskegee Institute (1881) in Alabama George Washington Carver Shift agriculture in south WEB DuBois Doctorate from Harvard Advocated immediate full rights for African-Americans “Talented tenth” 1909-founded The National Associated for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)