1. Applied Linguistics 665 English Phonology 3

2. Phonetics Relevance to Classroom Teachers Pass standardized tests – RICA (Reading Instruction Competency Assessment). Reading instruction - Phonics- based approach

3. Spelling and Sounds in English Spoken language varies over time and space. But written language is constant. English has been influenced by other languages.  Spelling problems

4. Human Communication Oral communication = Speaker encodes an idea into language  Listener decodes the acoustic signal into language to understand the original idea Sending and receiving messages involves much more than encoding and decoding

5. Prediction Making inferences ( to fill in information not included in the message) Social context Gestures Tone of voice ( threatening, pleading) Shared knowledge – common feelings Nature of the utterance (literal/nonliteral, direct/indirect)

6. How people learn to read and write and how people learn a second language? Reading should be directly taught and learned (learning view) Reading is acquired (acquisition view) Reading should be taught in small parts of language – phonemes and morphemes (current approach- US dept. of Edu) Second language – teaching grammar and vocab. (early approach) Second language is acquired (comprehensible input)

7. Phonology, morphology and syntax can inform teachers as they evaluate method of teaching reading and methods of teaching second languages.

8. Phonemes Phoneme is a sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language. There are 40 phonemes in English and about 22 in Spanish. “p” sound in pin/pan and “b” sound in bet/ban = minimal pairs

9. One letter may represent different sounds and one sound may be represented by different letters or letter sequences C in cat and k in kite Ea have different sounds – tea, bread, steak, and idea

10. Phonemic transcription: each sound represented by one and only one written mark Cat and kite: /k/ Pill: /p/ - aspirated Sip: /p/ - not aspirated Phonemes are perceptual, not physical units.