1. 1 South Africa and the End of Apartheid: Still a Political and Social Issue Mouhamadou BA

2. 2 Presentation of South Africa and the apartheid The fight against the apartheid South Africa at the end of the apartheid

3. Presentation of South Africa Constitutional parliamentary republic Capital cities: Pretoria (executive), Bloemfontein (judicial), Cape Town (legislative) Independence: from the UK in 1910 Population: 51 million people (70% black, 9% colored, 9% white, 3% Asian) Languages: 11 official languages: Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans and English.

4. 4 Hendrik Verwoerd Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 to 1966 “Architect of the apartheid“

5. What was the apartheid? It was a system of government from 1948 to 1990. This Afrikaans word means separation: the whites were separated from the black Africans and other minorities. The white minority ruled the country and the black majority did not have any rights.

6. The apartheid: No rights for the non-whites No right to vote No right to own a land No right to move freely No right to protest against the government

7. 7 Illustrations of the apartheid

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13. The Passbook Over the age of 16 Needed special permits to live outside of reservations, but not with family Lived in Townships (the city’s perimeter) Curfew regulations Passbook raids Failure to meet curfew or have passbook = subject to arrest

14. 14 The Sharpeville Massacre On March, the 21st 1960 Non violent demonstration 69 were killed 1985: 25 years after an International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination was organized.

15. The fight against the apartheid Steve Biko The role of the ladies Nelson Mandela

16. 16 Fighters against the apartheid

17. 17 Steve Biko (1946-1977)

18. Black Consciousness movement Psychological liberation Death conditions “ Being black is not a matter of pigmentation - being black is a reflection of a mental attitude. ”

19. 19 Miriam Makeba Dulcie September The role of the ladies

20. 20 Miriam Makeba (1932-2008) Singer Part of the ANC 1983: Important speech at the UN

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22. 22 Dulcie September (1935-1988) Joined the ANC in 1976 ANC Chief Representative in France, Switzerland and Luxembourg. Assassinated in 1988 Investigating about the trafficking of weapons between France and South Africa

23. 23 Nelson Mandela (1918-2013)

24. 24 Nelson Mandela Born on July the 18th 1918 in Transkei Real name was Rolihlala He was named "Nelson" by one of his teachers. Mandela eventually studied at both the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law, setting up a law practice in Johannesburg with his friend Walter Sisulu.

25. 25 The African national congress Found in 1912 Non-violent In 1943 Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) which appealed to the South African government for African rights and political changes. Mandela was part of a young group which brought a new sense of youthful optimism and pro-activism to the ANC To protest against the apartheid, the ANC began a policy of passive resistance; encouraging boycotts, "stay at home" strikes, non violent civil disobedience and non cooperation with the everyday apartheid rules and regulations. Declared illegal in 1960

26. Spear of the nation Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1962 Consequence of the failure of the non-violent resistance Actions: Sabotage against the government by blowing up the railway lines and other economic targets Arrested in 1962 On the June 12th 1964 Nelson Mandela and 8 others were sentenced to life imprisonment.

27. #46664 “During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”

28. 28 Mandela was released on 11th February 1990 after 27 years in prison and voted President of the ANC,whose ban had been lifted. In 1993 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize with South African President FW de Klerk in recognition of their joint efforts to bring about a peaceful transition in South Africa. Nelson Mandela donated all his prize money to a variety of children's charities, as he recognized that they were the most vulnerable and most in need of assistance. South Africa's first democratic elections took place in April 1994 and Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as President of South Africa on May 10th 1994. In April 1994 the Mandela-led ANC won South Africa’s first elections by universal suffrage, and on May 10th Mandela was sworn in as president of the country’s first multiethnic government. Nobel Prize and Presidency

29. 29 South Africa at the end of the apartheid

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31. 31 Truth and reconciliation commission (1995) Desmond TutuDesmond Tutu Anyone who felt that they had been a victim of violence could come forward and be heard at the TRC.Anyone who felt that they had been a victim of violence could come forward and be heard at the TRC. Perpetrators of violence could also give testimony and request amnesty from prosecution.Perpetrators of violence could also give testimony and request amnesty from prosecution. The TRC was seen as a crucial component of the transition to full and free democracy in South AfricaThe TRC was seen as a crucial component of the transition to full and free democracy in South Africa

32. 32 Reconciliation through sport 1995 Rugby world cup Rugby: a « white sport » Chester Williams Invictus

33. 33 Post-apartheid

34. 34 Economy Strong economy South Africa has more resources and industry than most African countries. World’s largest producer of several valuable minerals—gold, platinum, and chromium Large cities also contribute to the economy: –Johannesburg has Africa’s largest industrial area. –Cape Town attracts many tourists.

35. 35 Unemployment in South Africa

36. 36 Education in South Africa

37. 37 Criminality

38. 38 HIV 6.2 million: 12% of the entire population