1. Heart Disease Research Copyright 2010. PEER.tamu.edu

2.  Do you know anyone who has been affected by heart disease?  Who?  Share you answers with the class.

3. Think About It: Why do people want to research heart disease? Why do people want to research heart disease? Who pays for research on heart disease? Who pays for research on heart disease? How is heart disease research actually done? How is heart disease research actually done? Share some of your thoughts. Share some of your thoughts.

4. Why is the research done and who pays for the research? The American Heart Association (AHA) The AHA believes that learning more about the #1 killer in America is one of the best ways to accomplish its mission of reducing deaths associated with heart disease by 25%. Heart Disease is the #1 Cause of Death in the United States

5. The AHA depends on private donations and fundraising activities to pay for research. Have you ever participated in Jump Rope for Heart? If you have, then you have helped pay for heart disease research!!

6. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) The NIH is a public organization that promotes and pays for research to acquire new knowledge to help prevent, detect, diagnose, and treat disease and disability, from the rarest genetic disorder to the common cold.

7. It is done in a step-by-step process. It is done in a step-by-step process. Choose one key word from each of the following steps and write it down. Choose one key word from each of the following steps and write it down. How is Heart Disease Research Done?

8. The scientist asks questions about an observation. The scientists then, after gathering some background information, makes a hypothesis, or what the scientist thinks the answer to the question is. Then the scientist plans an experiment to test the hypothesis.

9. The experiment is done and data is recorded (written or entered into a computer). The data from the experiment is analyzed. Averages are taken, numbers are graphed. The scientist interprets what the numbers and graphs mean. The scientist has to find a way to get money to pay for the research.

10. The scientist makes a conclusion. He or she decides whether the conclusions agree with the hypothesis or not. The scientist communicates the results to others. Many times, more observations are made and more questions are asked. Often, one experiment leads to another. The scientist will start planning the next step as he or she finishes the initial experiment.

11. What words did you write? Share with the class! QUESTION HYPOTHESIS OBSERVATION EXPERIMENT DATA CONCLUSION GRAPH COMMUNICATE

12. When scientists have a question, they have to submit that question as a Research Application and see if they can get an agency like the AHA or NIH to “fund”, or pay to do the experiment to find the answer to the question. It’s not simple, like if you ask your mom to go to the movie and she decides yes or no. Many people look at the question and decide whether or not it is worth the time, effort and dollars to do the research. Who pays for the Research?

13. Life Cycle of a Research Application Application submitted An idea begins Peer Review Committee E-mail notification Research Is Conducted Yea! Reports Published Findings Shared Assigned to reviewers Critique developed Rank- ordered list Research Committee $ Funded Hmm …

14. How would you like it if every time you asked a question, like whether you could go to the movie, you had to go through this whole process?

15. Conducting the Experiment Many times, when heart disease research, or any research, is done animals are used as preliminary subjects. In fact, in 1912, Alexis Carrel received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on suturing (stitching) together blood vessels. His technique was perfected by using dogs and cats! This technique has now been used to save many dogs and cats, as well as many humans! Both of these breeds of dogs, Caviler King Charles Spaniel and Doberman Pinscher, have genetic predispositions for heart problems. Surgery that was first tested on animals saves many of these dogs every year…….. and many people, too.

16. Heart Surgeons Have to Practice New Techniques Do you want them to do their learning on YOU? That is why they use animals first. Experience counts in heart surgery!

17. This cow has a heart device in her. The scientist is collecting data to see how well the device is working.

18. Stop and review: 1. Which two organizations fund the most heart research? 2. What steps does a scientist go through to do research? 3. Why are animals sometimes used for heart research?

19. Many scientists have done research on heart disease, and many people and animals have been saved because of their research!

20. History of Heart Disease Research 1938 First heart surgery in humans 1956-1961 Fat and cholesterol shown to increase risk of heart disease 1965 Smoking is linked with health risks 1967 First heart transplant done 1968 First Bypass surgery done (bypass makes a way around a blocked artery using a piece of another artery somewhere in the body) Write down the one you think is MOST IMPORTANT:

21. More Milestones 1977 First Angioplasty, or using a balloon to open a blocked artery 1985 Cholesterol lowering drugs are shown to reduce incidence of heart disease and death 1994 Stents, or small devices used to keep arteries open, are approved and used 2002 Robots are used to assist in heart surgery 2007 It is shown that reducing amount of salt eaten lowers risk of heart attack and stroke

22. Let’s look at a few of these milestones more closely: Blood Oxygen Analysis In 1954, Leland Clark made the first membrane-covered oxygen electrode In 1954, Leland Clark made the first membrane-covered oxygen electrode This device measured oxygen levels in blood, solutions, or gases. This device measured oxygen levels in blood, solutions, or gases. Why is this important???

23. “Blue-baby” Surgery The “Blue-baby” surgery is a procedure perfected on dogs. It allows doctors to fix a congenital (happens before birth) error in the development of the large vessels connecting the heart and lungs. The “Blue-baby” surgery is a procedure perfected on dogs. It allows doctors to fix a congenital (happens before birth) error in the development of the large vessels connecting the heart and lungs. What do you think “blue-baby” means? What do you think “blue-baby” means?

24. Heart-Lung Machine During open-heart surgery, oxygen circulation through the lungs is not possible, so blood must get oxygen from a machine somehow. During open-heart surgery, oxygen circulation through the lungs is not possible, so blood must get oxygen from a machine somehow. Leland Clark invented an oxygenator machine that met the essential requirements Leland Clark invented an oxygenator machine that met the essential requirements –a "defoaming" chamber –a combined bubble trap and oxygenated blood residence component Why do you think this machine removes foam and bubbles from the blood? Are air bubbles good for the heart? Why does air not get into you bloodstream when you get a cut?

25. Cholesterol Research High blood cholesterol causes plugged arteries. High blood cholesterol causes plugged arteries. When it accumulates in walls of arteries, it obstructs the arteries and reduces blood flow. Two Dallas researchers won the Nobel Prize in 1985 for discovering that Two Dallas researchers won the Nobel Prize in 1985 for discovering that low density lipoprotein (LDL) promotes artery plugging. This discovery led to the making of widely-used drugs that lower blood cholesterol and reduce the number of heart attacks. Cholesterol is an organic molecule. It is necessary for your body, but excess cholesterol leads to problems. This is an artery clogged with cholesterol. A deposit of cholesterol is called a plaque.

26. “Statins”: drugs that decrease synthesis of cholesterol In 1964, Konrad Bloch received a Nobel Prize for explaining how cholesterol was synthesized (made by the body). In 1964, Konrad Bloch received a Nobel Prize for explaining how cholesterol was synthesized (made by the body). Ten years later, this led to the discovery of statins, or drugs that reduce the synthesis of cholesterol. Ten years later, this led to the discovery of statins, or drugs that reduce the synthesis of cholesterol. Many people now take statins to reduce their cholesterol. Many people now take statins to reduce their cholesterol. You may have seen commercials for some of them (Lipitor, Crestor, Vytorin?) You may have seen commercials for some of them (Lipitor, Crestor, Vytorin?)

27. Stent Research Stents are used to open plugged arteries. Stents are used to open plugged arteries. Research was mostly on human subjects (with many unanswered questions that might be answered by animal research). Problems include: reaction to implant, nerve damage, subsequent blood clots. Research was mostly on human subjects (with many unanswered questions that might be answered by animal research). Problems include: reaction to implant, nerve damage, subsequent blood clots. Areas of current research include: materials used to make stents, stent design, anti-clotting coatings on stent Areas of current research include: materials used to make stents, stent design, anti-clotting coatings on stent

28. Heart-assist Pump Research The heart-assist pump is a mechanical pump surgically installed to help diseased hearts The heart-assist pump is a mechanical pump surgically installed to help diseased hearts In Russia in 1937, V.P. Demichov implanted a heart-assist device in a dog. In Russia in 1937, V.P. Demichov implanted a heart-assist device in a dog. About 5 million Americans suffer from heart failure annually. Approximately 35,000 heart failure patients need transplants each year, but only 2,500 donor hearts are available. About 5 million Americans suffer from heart failure annually. Approximately 35,000 heart failure patients need transplants each year, but only 2,500 donor hearts are available.

29. Other Innovations Coronary bypass surgery, artificial heart valve insertion, and pacemaker implantation were all tested and studied in dogs before being used in humans. Coronary bypass surgery, artificial heart valve insertion, and pacemaker implantation were all tested and studied in dogs before being used in humans.

30. What is going on NOW in Heart Disease Research?

31. Cell Replacement A damaged heart cannot heal itself because the cells are fully differentiated and cannot divide to make new ones, the way skin does, for example. A damaged heart cannot heal itself because the cells are fully differentiated and cannot divide to make new ones, the way skin does, for example. Stem cells from bone marrow could, in theory, help solve this problem. Stem cells can grow into many different types of cells. Research is ongoing to find a way to make this work for people with damaged hearts. Stem cells from bone marrow could, in theory, help solve this problem. Stem cells can grow into many different types of cells. Research is ongoing to find a way to make this work for people with damaged hearts. One problem with stem cells is that the recipient’s body may regard the cell as containing foreign protein and the immune response may kill off the injected cells. One problem with stem cells is that the recipient’s body may regard the cell as containing foreign protein and the immune response may kill off the injected cells. Stem cells from bone marrow could be injected into a damaged heart.

32. What’s the future of Heart Disease Research? You are a big part of the future of heart disease research because some of you may be research scientists and most of you will pay taxes or help raise money to help pay for research! You are a big part of the future of heart disease research because some of you may be research scientists and most of you will pay taxes or help raise money to help pay for research!