1. Figure 20.1 Sperm and Egg Differ Greatly in Size

2. Figure 20.4 Patterns of Cleavage in Four Model Organisms (Part 1)

3. Figure 20.4 Patterns of Cleavage in Four Model Organisms (Part 2)

4. Figure 20.5 The Mammalian Zygote Becomes a Blastocyst (Part 2)

5. Figure 20.7 Twinning in Humans

6. Two Blastulas

8. zygote blastula gastrula endoderm glands pancreas, liver lining of respiratory tract lining of digestive tract pharynx mesoderm circulatory system blood, vessels somites ectoderm gonads kidney ventral nerve cord neural crest chordatesvertebrates integuments lining of thoracic and abdominal cavities outer covering of internal organs dermis segmented muscles brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves gill arches, sensory ganglia, Schwann cells, adrenal medulla notochord heart skeleton The Primary Germ Layers epidermis

9. Figure 20.8 Gastrulation in Sea Urchins

10. Figure 20.9 Gastrulation in the Frog Embryo (Part 1)

11. Figure 20.9 Gastrulation in the Frog Embryo (Part 2)

12. Figure 20.9 Gastrulation in the Frog Embryo (Part 3)

13. Neurulation “For the real amazement, if you wish to be amazed, is this process. You start out as a single cell derived from the coupling of a sperm and an egg; this divides in two, then four, then eight, and so on, and at a certain stage there emerges a single cell which has as all its progeny the human brain. The mere existence of such a cell should be one of the great astonishments of the earth. People ought to be walking around all day, all through their waking hours calling to each other in endless wonderment, talking of nothing except that cell.” --Lewis Thomas

14. Figure 20.15 Neurulation in the Frog Embryo (Part 1)

15. Figure 20.15 Neurulation in the Frog Embryo (Part 2)

16. Figure 20.16 The Development of Body Segmentation

17. Figure 20.10 Spemann’s Experiment

18. Figure 20.11 The Dorsal Lip Induces Embryonic Organization

19. Figure 20.2 The Gray Crescent

20. Figure 20.3 Cytoplasmic Factors Set Up Signaling Cascades

21. Figure 20.12 Molecular Mechanisms of the Primary Embryonic Organizer

22. NC Shh sclerotome dermomyotome motorneurons fp dorsal epidermal ectoderm NT Wnt? somite Wnt BMP-4 FGF5? lateral mesoderm NT-3 multiple signals pattern the vertebrate neural tube and somite

23. Figure 19.9 Embryonic Inducers in the Vertebrate Eye

24. Induction in eye development

25. Figure 19.10 Induction during Vulval Development in C. elegans (Part 1)

26. Figure 19.10 Induction during Vulval Development in C. elegans (Part 2)

28. Origami: sets of instructions (programs) to build 3-D models of organisms out of paper – Is this how developmental programs work?

29. Differentiated Cell Types BCDEFGHA Differentiation Determination The “landscape” of developmental programs: The determination of different cell types involves progressive restrictions in their developmental potentials. When a cell “chooses” a particular fate, it is said to be determined. Differentiation follows determination, as the cell elaborates a cell-specific developmental program.

30. 40 Mouse Liver Proteins Mouse Lung Proteins 2-D Electrophoresis of proteins extracted from two different mouse tissues

31. AB Cell types A & B share a common set of “housekeeping” gene products and a set of unique “luxury” gene products that represent the A or B developmental program A & B Sets of gene products in two cell types

32. Figure 19.2 Developmental Potential in Early Frog Embryos

33. Figure 19.3 Cloning a Plant (Part 1)

34. Figure 19.3 Cloning a Plant (Part 2)

35. Figure 19.4 A Clone and Her Offspring (Part 1)

36. Figure 19.4 A Clone and Her Offspring (Part 2)

37. Figure 19.4 A Clone and Her Offspring (Part 3)

38. Figure 19.5 Cloned Mice

39. 21_41_cloning.jpg

40. What is a stem cell? differentiated cell determined cell stem cell

41. 21_39_hemopoietic.jpg

42. Recent breakthroughs in stem cell research : - stem cells can be obtained from adults and embryos / fetal tissue - stem cells are multipotent! -this very likely has theraputic value

43. Differentiated Cell Types BCDEFGHA Differentiation Determination The “landscape” of developmental programs: The determination of different cell types involves progressive restrictions in cellular developmental potentials. When a cell “chooses” a particular fate, it is said to be determined. Differentiation follows determination, as the cell elaborates a cell-specific developmental program.

45. Uses of human embryos obtain stem cells somatic cell transfer, then obtain stem cells use stem cells that are coaxed to develop into different tissues for therapeutic purposes

47. Figure 20.14 A Human Blastocyst at Implantation

51. Week 1 Week 2

52. Week 4 Week 3 Week 5

53. Figure 19.6 The Potential Use of Embryonic Stem Cells in Medicine (Part 1)

54. Figure 19.6 The Potential Use of Embryonic Stem Cells in Medicine (Part 2)

55. Figure 19.7 Asymmetry in the Early Embryo (Part 1)

56. Figure 19.7 Asymmetry in the Early Embryo (Part 2)

57. Figure 19.8 The Principle of Cytoplasmic Segregation

58. Figure 19.9 Embryonic Inducers in the Vertebrate Eye

59. Figure 19.11 Apoptosis Removes the Tissue between Fingers

60. Figure 19.12 Organ Identity Genes in Arabidopsis Flowers (Part 1)

61. Figure 19.12 Organ Identity Genes in Arabidopsis Flowers (Part 2)

62. Figure 19.13 A Nonflowering Mutant

63. c. b. Nurse cells AnteriorPosterior Movement of maternal mRNA Oocyte Follicle cells Fertilized egg a. d. e. Three larval stages Syncytial blastoderm Cellular blastoderm Nuclei line up along surface, and membranes grow between them to form a cellular blastoderm. Segmented embryo prior to hatching Metamorphosis Abdomen Thorax Head Hatching larva Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nucleus Embryo

64. Egg with maternally-deposited mRNA AP bicoidnanos Gradients of informational proteins encoded by maternal mRNA Gap Genes Knirps Krupplehunchback Pair RuleGenes Segment Polarity Genes Homeotic Genes

65. Figure 19.15 A Gene Cascade Controls Pattern Formation in the Drosophila Embryo

66. Fig. 19.13

67. Figure 19.14 Bicoid and Nanos Protein Gradients Provide Positional Information (Part 1)

68. Figure 19.14 Bicoid and Nanos Protein Gradients Provide Positional Information (Part 2)

69. hunchback & Krupple - gap class

70. even skipped - pair rule class

71. fushi tarazu (ftz) & even skipped (eve) - pair rule class

72. engrailed - segment polarity class

74. Fig. 19.17

75. 40 wild-typeAntennapedia mutant Fly heads

76. Fig. 19.18

77. 40 Hoxb-4 knockoutwildtype mouse

78. 40