1. Note: 90% of the driving task is visual!
Topic 2 Lesson 1
Vision
Gaining Visual Information
- Focus Vision
- Central Vision
- Peripheral Vision
Note: 90% of the driving task is visual!
T – 3.8

2. Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Driver’s Useful Vision Areas
Gathering Useful Visual Information
Focus Vision Area (Focal)
Includes 3 to 5 degrees of useful information that is used when:
Targeting
Establishing a Visual Lead
Reading Signs and Interpreting Signals
T – 3.10

3. Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Driver’s Useful Vision Areas
Gathering Useful Visual Information
Central Vision Area
30 to 36 degrees of useful information that includes:
Referencing Vehicle Position to Roadway
Viewing Path of Travel
Viewing Line of Sight to Target Area
T – 3.11

4. Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Gathering Useful Visual Information
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision
degrees of useful information that detects:
Motion Changes
Color Changes
T – 3.12

5. Visual Fields in Operation
Topic 2 Lesson 3
Capacity of Visual Fields
Focus Vision
Focus Vision
Visual Lead, Targeting, Signs, Signals
Central Vision
Central Vision
Referencing, Path of Travel, Sightlines
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision
Motion and Color Changes
T – 3.13

6. Ability to see your path of travel
How you are going to get from point A (where you are)
to point B (where you want to go) B A
LINE OF SIGHT
Ability to see your path of travel

7. Line of Sight/Path of Travel
Topic 2 Lesson 3
Line of Sight/Path of Travel
Line of Sight Limitations or Restrictions
When line of sight is restricted or blocked:
adjust speed until
visual lead, target area, and the line of sight are restored.
Target
T – 3.15

8. Effect of Speed on Vision and Steering
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Effect of Speed on Vision and Steering
VISUAL FIELDS NARROW
As speed increases:
central vision narrows and blurs
peripheral vision decreases
changes in steering will cause exaggerated vehicle movements
T – 3.16

9. Effect of Speed on Vision
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Effect of Speed on Vision
As speed increases, look farther ahead of your vehicle to increase line of sight (LOS) and search your path of travel (POT) to:
allow more time to gather information;
place more space between other users and your vehicle so sudden steering changes are held to a minimum.
T – 3.17

10. Vehicle Balance Front Rear
Topic 4 Lesson 2
Vehicle Balance refers to the distribution of the weight of the vehicle on the tires as they meet the ground.
Front
DROPS
Weight Shifts Change Vehicle Balanced
LIFTS
Rear
Accelerating, braking, or steering shifts the vehicle’s weight and affects vehicle balance.
T – 2.28

11. Vehicle Balance Optimum balance is achieved at rest
Topic 4 Lesson 1
Vehicle Balance
Optimum balance is achieved at rest
Balance is affected by:
a. suspension and tire pressure
3. These weight transfers occur when the amount of weight or force pulling on each tire changes:
Roll: vehicle’s weight shifts from side to side
Pitch: vehicle’s weight shifts forward or backward
Yaw: vehicle’s rear tire weight shifts to one side
T – 2.24

12. ROLL Changing Vehicle Load from Side to Side is caused by:
Topic 4 Lesson 1
ROLL
Changing Vehicle Load from Side to Side is caused by:
Steering Wheel Movements
Brake Application and Steering Combinations
Slope of pavement
T – 2.26

13. PITCH Changing Vehicle Load from Front to Rear (Pitch)
Topic 4 Lesson 2
Changing Vehicle Load from Front to Rear (Pitch)
Light accelerator pressure
Releasing the brake
Progressive accelerator pressure
Thrust accelerator pressure
Changing Vehicle Load from Rear to Front (Pitch)
Releasing the accelerator
Controlled braking (Squeeze on)
Threshold braking
Trail braking (Squeeze off)
T – 2.27

14. YAW Vehicle’s rear tire weight shifts to one side during:
Topic 4 Lesson 1
YAW
Vehicle’s rear tire weight shifts to one side during:
Brake Application and Steering Combinations
T – 2.26

15. Causes of Traction Loss
Topic 5 Lesson 2
Causes of Traction Loss
Condition of the Vehicle
1. Brakes unevenly adjusted -Brakes pulling in one direction or the other
can cause a skid--as can wheels out of alignment when brakes are applied
2. Tires with unevenly worn tread - The size of the front and rear tires do
Not matched or the tread depth or tire type of the front and rear tires are different
3. Different tire pressure on opposite sides of the vehicle
4. Sudden steering actions (changes in the vehicle’s weight distribution)
5. Panic stop or applying the brakes too hard on a hill, curve or slippery surface
6. abrupt or sudden changes in vehicle speed
Driver Actions that may cause loss of traction
Most driver-induced skids are caused by:
excessive speed
coupled with excessive steering input
or improper braking when turning
**Loss of traction also occurs with these driver’s actions at normal speeds on ice/snow or on roadways covered by sand, gravel, or water
T – 8.37

16. Space Management System
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Good Drivers Develop a Space Management System
S earch
E valuate
E xecute
i n
T ime
T-3.20a

17. Searching Identifying high risk situations Gaining information
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Identifying high risk situations
Effective searching techniques
Having time to identify hazards
Keeping stable scanning eye movements
Getting a large view of the roadway
Establishing a line of sight and path of travel position
Gaining information
Effectively managing space
Looking for changing areas
Looking for open areas
Looking for closed areas
T – 3.21

18. RECOGNIZING high risk situations
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Evaluating
RECOGNIZING high risk situations
Potential and Critical Hazards
Collision Potential
Intersections
Curves
Position Adjustments
Speed Adjustments
Reduced Line of Sight
T – 3.22

19. Controlled/threshold braking Progressive acceleration
Evaluating
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Decision-making
Preventing high risk situations
Maintain open LOS, POT, and proper lane position
Manage time and space
Controlling high risk situations
Maintain an open line of sight (LOS) and path of travel (POT)
Motion control
Controlled/threshold braking
Progressive acceleration
Steering control
Hand-to-hand
Evasive action
T – 3.23

20. Executing in response to
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Executing
Speed changes
Lane position changes
Space control
in response to
risk or danger
traffic conditions
roadway conditions
vehicle balance
T – 3.24