1. Western Settlement and Immigration

2. What four factors fueled American growth and expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
1) Economic opportunity
2) Industrialization
3) Technological change
4) Immigration

3. What four factors influenced American growth and expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
1) Westward movement
2) Immigration
3) Growth of cities
4) Admission of new states

4. Into what western region did settlement increase after the Civil War?
Between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean

5. When was the era of the American cowboy?
Years right before and right after the Civil War

6. During the era of the American cowboy, what was the reason for the long cattle drives over unfenced open land in the West?
It was the only way to get cattle to market

7. What was the Homestead Act of 1862?
Gave free public land in the western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land

8. According to the SOLs, who moved west to seek new opportunities after the Civil War?
Southerners
Especially African-Americans

9. What two new technologies opened new lands in the West for settlement and made farming profitable?
Railroads
Mechanical reaper

10. What crop did the mechanical reaper harvest?
Wheat

11. By 1900, what parts of the American West had gone from unsettled frontier to regions of farms, ranches, and towns?
The Great Plains
The Rocky Mountains

12. What happened to the American Indians as settlers continued to move west from 1865 to 1900?
American Indians were forced off their ancestral lands

13. When was the Old Immigration?
Before 1880
SOLs say “prior to 1871”

14. From what region of the world did immigrants come during the Old Immigration?
Northern and Western Europe

15. From what countries did the immigrants come during the Old Immigration?

16. Germany
Great Britain
Ireland
Norway
Sweden

17. What is the best way to remember the most important groups of the Old Immigration?
BIG:
British
Irish
Germans

18. When was the New Immigration?
1880-World War I
SOLs say “the half-century from 1871 until 1921)

19. From what region of the world did the New Immigrants come?
Southern and Eastern Europe

20. From what countries did the immigrants come during the New Immigration?

21. Italy
Greece
Poland
Russia
Present-day Hungary
Former Yugoslavia

22. What is the best way to remember the most important groups of the New Immigration?
RIP:
Russians
Italians
Poles

23. Do the SOLs put Asian immigration in the Old Immigration or the New Immigration?

24. What two Asian countries do the SOLs include in the New Immigration?
China
Japan

25. Why did immigrants come to America during the New Immigration?
Freedom (political and religious)
Better lives for their families (economic opportunity)

26. How did Chinese immigrants contribute to the industrial growth of America?
Helped build the Transcontinental Railroad

27. Where did immigrants work in the Northeast during the late 1800s?
Textile mills
Steel mills

28. In what industry did immigrants work in New York City in the late 1800s?
Clothing industry

29. What groups worked in the coal mines of the East during the late 1800s?
Slavs
Italians
Poles

30. Describe the pay of most immigrants in the late 19th century?
Low pay
Dangerous working conditions

31. Where did most European immigrants enter America during the New Immigration?
Through Ellis Island in New York harbor

32. What was the first view of America of the European immigrants who entered through Ellis Island?
The Statue of Liberty

33. The “Melting Pot” thesis
What theory says late 19th century immigrants were quickly assimilated (absorbed) into American culture?
The “Melting Pot” thesis

34. Where in the growing cities did the “new immigrants” often settle?
In ethnic neighborhoods

35. What are ethnic neighborhoods?
Neighborhoods of people from the same country or culture

36. According to the “melting pot” thesis, what American institution served an essential role in the process of assimilating immigrants into American society?
Public schools

37. What types of hardship and hostility did late 19th century immigrants often face?

38. Fear and resentment that immigrants would take jobs for lower pay than native born Americans
Religious and cultural prejudice

39. What two laws limited immigration to the United States?
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Immigration Restriction Act of 1921

40. What cities grew rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers in the late 19th century?
Chicago
Detroit
Pittsburgh
New York

41. What provided jobs in the large cities during the late 19th century?
Factories

42. Where did workers often live in the large cities of the late 19th century?
Tenements
Slums

43. What are tenements?
Run-down, low rental apartment buildings

44. What shortages were created by the rapid growth of cities in the late 19th century?
Housing shortages

45. What new public services were needed as a result of the rapid growth of cities in the late 19th century?
Sewage systems
Water systems
Public transportation

46. What American city was one of the first cities to begin construction of a subway system around the turn of the 20th century?
New York City

47. What type of public transportation system did many American cities build at the turn of the 20th century?
Trolley or streetcar lines

48. As the American population moved westward after the Civil War, in what two regions were many new states added to the United States?
The Great Plains
The Rocky Mountains

49. By the early 20th century, what states had been admitted to the United States?
All 48 states that make up the continental United States

50. What is the continental United States?
All the states between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean