1. CH. 12. 3 EMOTIONS

2. EXPRESSED EMOTION  People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)

3. UNIVERSALLY WE SHARE ABOUT 4 BASIC EMOTIONS  Joy  Fear  Anger  Sadness  Part of our Physical Survival System. Without ANGER or FEAR we would not protect ourselves.

4. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND EMOTION FBI how they spot a liar http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVMy2cZVbPM&feature=related

5. CAN YOU SPOT THE FAKE SMILE  http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/smiles/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/smiles/

6. PAUL EKMAN LEADING RESEARCHER IN MICROEXPRESSIONS  Lie Detection Prof. Paul Ekman

7. REMIND ME TO PASS OUT THE LIE DETECTION TEST

8. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Eyes: fear and anger Mouth: happiness Introverts: read emotions of others better Extroverts: easier to read emotions of an extrovert Women: express happiness easier than men Men: express anger easier than women Fake smile: longer duration, turned “on/off” more quickly Brain: good emotion detector when people are not trying to deceive. Expressive Behaviors

9. 3 THEORIES OF EMOTIONS James-Lange Theory Stimulus > then your body reacts, then you feel the emotion. > Canon-Bard Theory Stimulus > Like a cannon boom you feel a physical change and have an emotional response at the same time. Boom Cognitive Theory Stimulus > Physical Changes > Interpretation > Emotional Response

11. Let’s try out James Lange theory of emotion: Get out a sheet of paper and your pencil… Label your paper with the scale on top. Your going to get into different groups. Which group are you in? Lip ? Teeth? Left (lip) Hold a pencil or pen in their mouth just behind the front teeth. (thereby making them smile) Right Keep lips apart without having their lips touch pen/pencil (making you frown) Scale of Not funny at all Extremely Funny 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

12. Cartoon # 1 surfwithberserk.com

13. Cartoon # 2

14. Cartoon #3

15. Cartoon # 4

16. Cartoon # 5

17. Cartoon #

25. Do we smile because we are happy or are we happy because we smile? Results suggest that facial expressions help determine emotional reactions. This is consistent with James-Lange Theory of emotion. Remember the mirror neuron video? Research has showed us that when people have been told to mimic expressions of basic emotions they also experience those emotions. Just by activating a smile (with your pencil) was enough to make the cartoons more amusing.

27. SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION  To experience emotion one must:  be physically aroused  cognitively label the arousal Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Fear (emotion) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal)

29. Conscious Experience

30. Check out Video called The Brain under Real Player

32. DEALING WITH EMOTIONS The ABCs of Emotional Change A = Activating Event B = Irrational Beliefs C = Emotional/Behavioral Consequences D = Disputing E = New Emotional Reaction Recognize a Rational Belief and an Irrational Belief. Irrational Beliefs are demands on one’s self, others or the world. A Rational Statement is necessary to install the New Emotional Reaction.

33. 1. I must be loved and approved by almost every significant other person in my life. 2. I should be completely competent and achieving in all ways to be a worthwhile person. 3. Certain people I must deal with are thoroughly bad and should be severely blamed and punished for it. 4. It is awful and upsetting when things are not the way I would very much like them to be. 5. My happiness is always caused by external events; I cannot control my emotional reactions.

34. 6. If something unpleasant might happen, I should keep dwelling on it. 7. It is easier to avoid difficulties and responsibilities than to face them. 8. I should depend on others who are stronger than I am. 9. Because something once strongly affected my life, it will do so indefinitely. 10. There is always a perfect solution to human problems, and it is awful if this solution is not found.

35. HOW DOES THIS WORK? Recognize a Rational Belief and an Irrational Belief. Irrational Beliefs are demands on one’s self, others or the world. A Rational Statement is necessary to install the New Emotional Reaction The ABCs of Emotional Change A = Activating Event B = Irrational Beliefs C = Emotional/Behavioral Consequences D = Disputing E = New Emotional Reaction

36. HAPPINESS IS... Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness

37. LET’S STOP NOW:

38. Motive Psychology Henry Murray’s Theory of Needs  Apperception: the act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation  Thematic Apperception Technique (TAT)

39. SAMPLE TAT CARD

41. TAT AND QUESTIONNAIRE MEASURES OF MOTIVES: DO THEY MEASURE DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF MOTIVES?  McClelland argues that responses to TAT and questionnaire measures are not correlated because they measure two different types of motivation  TAT measures implicit motivation—unconscious desires, aspirations, and needs