1. Wood and soil surface CO 2 flux from the Tapajós National Forest Evilene C. Lopes 1, Michael Keller 1,2, Patrick M. Crill 1,3, Ruth K. Varner 4, William Z. de Mello 5 1 CSRC Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, E-mail: evilene@kaos.sr.unh.edu 2 USDA Forest Service, E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu;, E-mail: patrick.crill@geo.su.se; 4 CCRC UNH, E-mail: ruth.varner@unh.edu; 5 Universidade Federal Fluminense, E-mail: zamboni@geoq.uff.br A B = 4 m b ln (d max /d min ) / [  (d max – d min )] SUMMARY The exchange of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) between tropical forests and the atmosphere is an important component of the global carbon cycle. A better understanding of controlling mechanisms and magnitude of CO 2 sources from tropical forests will improve our ability to understand the global carbon budget. Stem CO 2 fluxes were measured using dynamic flux enclosures (Figure 3a and b). Annual averages at TNF averaged 1.7  mol m -2 s -1. Wood surface area was measured (4161 m 2 ha -1 ) and wood CO 2 flux was extrapolated to ground area resulting in an annual flux of 259 gC m -2 yr -1, corresponding to about 8% of the gross primary productivity. Line sampling of soil-atmosphere CO 2 fluxes were made on randomly placed 30 m transects at TNF (Figure 3 a and c). Annually averaged fluxes were 4.7 + 0.2  mol m -2 s -1. Average soil CO 2 flux during the wet season was higher (4.9 + 0.3  mol m -2 s -1 ) than during the dry season (4.4 + 0.2  mol m -2 s -1 ). Geostatistical analysis of grid sampling of soil CO 2 fluxes indicated that they were not spatially dependent down to 15 m separation distance (Figure 3d.). The estimated annual average of soil surface CO 2 flux for the TNF was 1780 gC m -2 yr -1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank NASA for financial support. LBA office in Santarém, Sr. Antonio Leite (Treviso), for the help working in the selectively logging area at the TNF. Francisco Alves, Cleuton Pereira, Rosenildes Santos, Willey Machado, Hudson Silva, Jadson Dias, Eráclito Neto assistance in the field. Peter Czepiel helped with geostatistical analysis of soil CO 2 flux. FIGURE 3 Portable system for CO 2 flux measurement for soil and wood. (A) Back-pack IRGA system; (B) plexiglass dynamic chambers for stems; (C) PVC and ABS plastic dynamic soil chamber; and (D) experiment grid for the spatial analysis of soil CO 2 flux at the km 67 site of the Tapajós National Forest. (B) (C) (D) Surface area (m 2 ha -1 ) Stems2391 Branches1770 Total4161 FIGURE 8 Monthly averages (+SE) of soil-atmosphere CO 2 flux and soil moisture from line sampling in 2001 through 2004 from an undisturbed forest site (km 67) at the TNF. The annual averages of soil CO 2 flux and soil moisture were 4.7  mol m -2 s -1 and 44.1%, respectively. FIGURE 9 Semivariograms of soil CO 2 flux for wet and dry periods at the undisturbed forest site of the TNF. We observed no spatial dependency of soil- atmosphere CO 2 fluxes for separation distances greater than 15 m. FIGURE 5 Surface area of branches was calculated based on the pipe-model theory (Shinozaki et al., 1964). In equation 1m b represents the mass of branches of a trees, d max is the maximum diameter of branches, d min is the minimum diameter of branches,  is the wood density. The sum of branches and stems equals the wood surface area. Surface area of stems and branches were calculated based on a sample of 20 hectares of forest from the km 67 TNF site (TABLE 2). FIGURE 1 Stem CO 2 fluxes from trees grouped into four canopy positions. Trees located at the higher levels of the canopy (emergent and dominant) presented higher (p<0.0001) average stem CO 2 fluxes than trees located at lower levels of the canopy (co-dominant and suppressed). FIGURE 4. Regression analysis between stem surface area and diameter at breast height for 90 harvested trees at the TNF. Stem surface area was calculated based on the approximation of a frustrum of cone (above). (A) DateQ 10 01/21/031.9 01/22/031.2 01/23/031.5 08/11/033.1 08/12/033.4 FIGURE 2 Example of continuous measurement of stem CO 2 flux and temperature. The Q 10 values for five continuous measurement periods are summarized in Table 1. These values indicate that for an increase of 10 o C in temperature stem CO 2 flux increase between 1.2 and 3.4 times. TABLE 1 TABLE 2 As = -5.84 + 0.7 DBH r2 = 0.76, P < 0.0001 As = p (R + r) [(h 2 + (R – r) 2 ] 1/2 FIGURE 6 Biweekly averages of stem CO 2 fluxes (+ SE) from undisturbed and selectively logged forest sites at the TNF. Fluxes measured at the undisturbed forest were not significantly different from those measured at the selectively logged site. There was no obvious seasonal variability. FIGURE 7 Stem CO 2 flux versus diameter at breast height (cm) for trees of undisturbed and selectively logged sites. A significant (p<0.0001) and weak (r 2 = 0.2) correlation was observed CO 2 flux and DBH for both sites combined. CO 2 flux = 0.7+0.04(DBH) r 2 = 0.2, p < 0.0001 CO 2 Flux