1. Chapter 4: Society Bell Work Get Folders and books In folders Draw a line and right Chapter 4 Task #1  Define what you think society is Then Read Page 92 -93  Read up to Hunting/Gathering Societies

2. Society What is society?  Group of people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture We will look at four important views explaining the nature of human societies

3. Gerhard Lenski Focus is on Sociocultural Evolution  Changes that occur as a society acquires new technology  The more technological info a society has, the faster it will change  Identifies 5 types of societies based on their level of technology

4. Reading Activity Get with 9 o’clock partner Read/Answer section assigned to you 10 minutes Share with class your findings

5. Hunting and Gathering: Based on surroundings Use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation. Food production is relatively inefficient Historical Period  Only type until about 12,000 years ago (few remain) Prod. Technology  Primitive weapons/tools Pop. Size  25-40 people; relatively small and scattered

6. Hunting and Gathering Settlement Patterns  Scattered, often nomadic (follows food) Social Organization  Family Centered, specialization limited to age/sex  Little social inequality; very egalitarian Examples  Bushmen of S.W. Africa  Aborigines of Australia  Kaska Indians of Canada

7. Horticultural and Pastoral Historical Period  From 12,000 years ago to 3000 B.C Productive Technology  Horticultural: Use of hand tools to cultivating plants  Pastoral: Domestication of animals Population Size  Up to several hundred in a settlement  Connect up to a thousand thru trading ties

8. Horticultural and Pastoral Settlement Patterns  Horticulturists= small permanent settlements  Pastoral= Nomadic Social Organization  Family Centered; Religious system developing  Moderate Specialization (farmers, herders, etc)  Increased social inequality Examples  Middle Eastern societies up to 5000 BC  Various societies today in New Guinea and Pacific Islands

9. Agrarian: Based on Agriculture Historical Period  Started about 5,000 years ago  Dwindling numbers today Productive Technology  Animal Drawn Plow  Initiated Civilization: invented Wheel, writing, numbers. Population Size  Millions Settlement Patterns  Cities common, but only contain small portion Social Organization  Family importance lessens; Religious, economic, political systems emerge  Extensive Specialization; increased social-inequality Examples: Egypt during pyramids, Medieval Europe

10. Industrial: Based on Industrialism Historical Period  1750 to present Productive Technology  Advanced sources of energy to power large machinery increased goods production  Water and steam power to operate mills/factories Population Size  Millions of people

11. Industrial Settlement Patterns  Various cities; contain most of population Social Organization  Highly Specialized: social inequality up then down  Distinct religious, political, economic, educational, and family systems  Eroded many traditional values, beliefs, and customs Examples  Most societies today in Europe, N. America, Australia, and Japan

12. Post-Industrial: Based on Info Tech. Historical Period  Emerging in recent decades Productive Technology  Computers that support an info based economy  Industrial Production declines; info processing w/ computers increases and changes job structure Population Size  Millions of people

13. Post-Industrial Settlement Patterns  Remains concentrated in cities Social Organization  Similar to Industrial but info processing and service industry replacing industrial production Examples  High Functioning Industrial societies now entering this.

14. Limits of Technology Expanding Technology can help solve many social problems Also creates new (often harder) problems as it remedies old ones Increases specialization and social inequality

15. Lesson Closing Work on project stuff, ask questions!!!

16. Bell Work Complete In the Times pg. 96 in folders  Task #2 Answer these questions as task #3  What were the 5 types of sociology based on Technology by Lenski? Hunting Gathering- hunters/gatherers Horticultural/ Pastoral- Growing plants/domestic animals Agrarian- Farming Industrial- Machinery to power large factories Post-industrial- Information age

17. Karl Marx: Society and Conflict Focus  Stressed Social Conflict: Struggle b.t. parts of society over valued resources…mostly class conflict Society and Production  Divided society in two: Capitalists/ Proletariats Capitalists (Profit oriented)  People who owned factories and other productive enterprises Proletariat  People who provided the labor for those factories/enterprises Believed in capitalistic society conflict b.t these two was inevitable.

18. Society and Production All societies were made up of Social institutions  Major spheres of social life (subsystems) meant to meet human needs Believed the Economy to be the infrastructure that all social institutions were based  Modern societies economies reinforced capitalistic domination Basis= Materialism  That production of material goods shapes all of society False Consciousness: blaming individual over society

19. Conflict and History Early hunting/gathering societies were equal Movement towards industrial capitalism led to increase in social inequality  Blame on the bourgeoisie class (capitalists)  As well as an increase in the proletariat What do you think his main vision was?  Class uprising by the proletariat!!

20. Lesson Closing Read Post Industrial Workplace  Answer Questions in Journals as Task #4 Look at Superstructure Diagram pg. 101  Do you agree/disagree w/ Marx? Read pgs. 102-104; Capitalism up to Weber Work on any part of projects  Ask Questions

21. Bell Work: Get books/folders What is the Focus of Karl Marx?  Stressed Social Conflict What did he divide society into?  Capitalists  Proletariats Explain each division  Capitalists= owners of factories  Proletariats= providers of labor What is the infrastructure of all social institutions?  Economy What is the basis of his view or shaper of society?  Materialism

22. Capitalism and Class Conflict Two major classes  Rulers: capitalists  Oppressed: proletariat Class conflict: Inevitable in Marx’s view  Antagonism (hostility) b.t. classes over distribution of wealth in society

23. Capitalism and Class Conflict How will conflict occur?  Proletariat must reach class consciousness Recognition of their class unity against capitalism  WORKERS UNITE!!! Organize and rise in revolution w/ numbers Nature of capitalists will resist unity

24. Capitalism and Alienation Marx believed that capitalism promoted Alienation  Experience of isolation from feeling powerless 4 Ways Capitalism does this! (Think Rundown)  Alienation from the act of working  Alienation from the products of work  Alienation from other workers  Alienation from human potential

25. REVOLUTION Certainty that eventually a socialist revolution would overthrow the capitalist system!!

26. Lesson Closing Anomie (loss/erosion of norms/values)  Society is failing to give moral guidance to individuals Read rest of Marx vs. Durkheim Supplemental lecture  Answer questions in folder as Task #5 Then Read What is Marxism;  Task #6: Summarize the articles key points of what Marxism is and look up/define two words you didn’t know/understand

27. Bell Work Get books/folders What are the 5 types of societies by Lenski?  Hunter/Gatherer, Pastoral/Horticultural, Agrarian, Industrial, Post-industrial What did Marx belief to be the foundation of a society?  Economy What was Marx’s main focus?  Social conflict based on Materialism What is Lenski’s main focus?  Society changes occur as technology is developed

28. Max Weber: Rationalization of society Direct Contrast to Marx  Reflected more of an idealistic perspective that human ideas shape society Ideal types:  Abstract statements of the essential characteristics of any social phenomenon I.E.: Hunter/Gatherer, pre/post industrial societies

29. Max Weber: Rationalization of society Two world views  Classified according to the way people think about their world  Members of pre-industrial societies are bound by Tradition Sentiments/beliefs passed from generation to generation. People are guided by past, and what is right/wrong by what they have accepted for a long time  Members of post-industrial societies are guided by Rationality Deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish something Tradition become just one type of the info calculated

30. Max Weber: Rationalization of society Rationalization of society  Historical change from tradition to rationality as the main mode of human thought  Evidenced by the Industrial revolution and capitalism  Look at pg. 106 caption This willingness to adopt new technology is a strong indicator of how rationalized a society is.

31. Max Weber: Rationalization of society Is capitalism Rational?  Considered capitalism the essence of rationality  Weber vs. Marx Weber believed it to be rational Marx not. Why?  Marx thought it didn’t mean the greater good  Weber thought it so b/c people used rationalization to make money in any possible way

32. Lesson Closing Task #6: Answer Questions 1-8 on pg. 114 Go over with 5 Min.’s left

33. Bell Work Grab books/folders Get article from back Go over answers from 1-8 on pg. 114 Finish Weber

34. Protestants and Capitalism Weber’s Great Thesis  Traced roots of modern rationality (and capitalism) to Calvinist Protestantism Preached predestination and notion that success in one’s calling testified to one’s place among the saved  “Working hard and being successful = heaven” Showed ability of ideas to shape society

35. 7 Characteristics of Rational Social Organization Distinctive social institutions  These are rational strategies to meet human needs efficiently Large-Scale Organizations  Show rational strategies of making larger decisions. Church, government, etc. Specialized Tasks  Not seen in traditional societies. Personal Discipline  Modern societies value this. Encouragement of achievement/success show rationality in business

36. 7 Characteristics of Rational Social Organization Awareness of time  Summed up in “Time is money” Technical Competence  Rationality judges people on “what” they are.  Basis on education, skills, and abilities  Sports saying “If you’re not getting better you’re getting worse” Impersonality  Rational societies use competence for hiring, creating an impersonal interaction  Concern more over tasks/skills than people themselves

37. Rationality and Bureaucracy Bureaucracy  Large, rational organizations Growth of Rational bureaucracies was key in origin of modern society Bureacracy is similar to capitalism  Everything wants to be done w/ as much speed/efficiency as possible

38. Rationality and Alienation Agreed w/ Marx in that modern society generated dehumanization and alienation Reasoning was different though!!  Marx believed it caused by inequality Weber believed it to be caused by the countless rules and regulations of bureaucracy.

39. Lesson Closing Task #7: Read article and answer ?’s to it in your folder Look at Caption on left of pg. 208; realize what it portrays  How many times have you heard a govt. official or someone say….. Its not personal, its policy, or business? Task #8:Answer Your Turn on pg. 108

40. Bell Work Get books/Folders Ready for notes right away RIGHT MEOW!!

41. Durkheim: Society and Function Viewed Social facts as a focus for looking a society. Believed them rooted in society and not just individual experiences  Patterns of human behavior (norms, values, beliefs) Function: Society as a system  Idea that social facts help society function as a whole system not just individual existence  Read section over this (pg. 109)

42. Durkheim: Society and Function Personality  People build personalities by internalizing social facts  How we think, act, and feel is a product from the society that nurtures us. Modernality and Anomie  He recognized the advantages of modern day freedoms but warned of Anomie Condition in which society provide little moral guidance.  Read Section (pg. 110) and think of a current example that proves to this!! Miley Cyrus!?!?

43. Durkheim: Society and Function Evolving Societies  Believed in different reasons than Marx/Weber for cause of Rapid social change (Ind. Rev.)  Key Expanding Division of Labor: Specialized economic activity  Traditional Societies Strong collective conscience or Mechanical solidarity  Social bonds, based on shared values, strong among members  Modern Societies Mech. Solidarity becomes weaker Organic Solidarity: social bonds based on specialization, becomes stronger People become less moral conscious and more Interdependent

44. Four Visions of Society What holds them together?  Lenski: United through a shared culture, but lessens as technology develops  Marx: No real unity but more social class conflict Only true unity if production becomes a cooperation  Weber: Tradition joined them in past, now it is rational large-scale organizations  Durkheim: Unity through solidarity, mechanical of past and organic today ( morals vs. specialization)

45. How do they change? Lenski:  Based in terms of changing tech. and production power Marx:  Based on production power that brings class conflict into open Weber:  Occurs b/c people change the way they view the world. From traditional (morals) to rational. Durkheim:  Changes in solidarity, from mechanical (likeness, morals) to organic (specialization)

46. Why have they changed? Lenski:  Social change through technological innovation Marx:  Class struggles push for change Weber:  Ideas push for change (Calvinism) Durkheim:  Division of labor pushes change

47. Lesson Closing Read Applying Soc. Box (pg. 112  Answer ?s in folder Test on Wednesday Review tomorrow