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Chapter 4:3 Political Geography
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Nation Geographers’ definition: community of people with common ancestry, culture and territory Does not imply an independent political unit e.g. Quebec; Acadians in Eastern Canada; “First Nations” throughout Canada
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State An independent political unit holding sovereignty over a territory (Canada) Casually referred to as “country” United States of America: 50 theoretically independent units that chose to join together in 1 ‘State’
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Nation-States State whose territory coincides with the area occupied by a single nation E.g. Iceland – all residents of the state are members of a single Icelandic nation vs. Canada – several different nations within the boundaries of the Canadian state
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Democracy In a democracy, the government is elected by the people. Everyone who is eligible to vote has a chance to have their say over who runs the country. It is distinct from governments controlled by a particular social class or group (aristocracy; oligarchy) or by a single person (despotism; dictatorship; monarchy). A democracy is determined either directly or through elected representatives.
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Monarchy A monarchy has a king, queen, emperor or empress.
The ruling position can be passed on to the ruler’s heirs. In some traditional monarchies, the monarch has absolute power. But a constitutional monarchy, like the UK, also has a democratic government that limits the monarch's control.
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Dictatorship A country ruled by a single leader. The leader has not been elected and may use force to keep control. In a military dictatorship, the army is in control.
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Communist In a communist country, the government owns property such as businesses and farms. It provides its people's healthcare, education and welfare.
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Checks and Balances
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Characteristics of Nations -Size-
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Characteristics of Nations -Shape-
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Characteristics of Nations -Location-
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Boundary Types Natural and Artificial
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Chapter 4:4 Urban Geography
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Urban Geography Differences between cities and rural areas Size
Commerce Social life and culture
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Urbanization
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Land Use Residential: Living space Mixed Use: Housing and business
Industrial: Manufacturing Commercial: Private business, buying and selling
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Chapter 4:5 Economic Geography
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Economic Systems Economy: The production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people. Stuff and $!!! Economic System: How people produce and goods and services. How do we get stuff and $!!!
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Traditional Economy Goods and services are bartered. That is, they are exchanges without using money.
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Command Economy The government owns the means of production and, in turn, sets production levels and pricing.
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Market Economy Supply is determined by demand. Consumers and profit are the driving forces. Also called capitalism.
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Mixed Economy This combination of command and market systems has capitalism as its base but also provides goods and services to all citizens.
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Levels of Economic Activity
Primary: Gathering raw materials Cut down the trees and mine the minerals Secondary: Increase the value of raw materials by changing their form Shape the pencil blanks and create the lead and eraser Tertiary: Provide business or professional services Sell the pencils Quaternary: Provide information, management, and research services Help the pencil company expand its customer base and advertising
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Natural Resources Materials occurring naturally on the earth that have economic value. This can only happen when technology and demand meet to transform resources into goods. Think gold and petroleum.
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Infrastructure
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Economic Measures GNP – Gross National Product
The total value of all goods and services produced by a country GDP – Gross Domestic Product The total value of all goods and services produced within a country Per Capita Income – Average amount of money earned by each person GNP/Poplulation
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