1. Minerals have many uses in Industry
Technology
Industry
Copper
Arts

2. Minerals have many uses in Industry
Metals for cars and airplanes
Quartz and feldspar for glass
Fluorite and calcite for toothpaste
Silver compounds for photographic film
Mica and talc for paint
These are just a few ways we depend on minerals.

3. Minerals have many uses in Art
Gemstone or birth stone
when first mined, gems are often rough and dull
a jeweler will shape them and set them into jewelry
material used to shape and polish gemstones must be as hard the gemstone itself.
Gold and silver
also used in jewelry other decorative arts
Both combine with copper to increase hardness

4. Minerals are formed in several ways

5. Minerals are formed in several ways
Water Evaporates
Water usually has substances
dissolved in it.
Minerals can form when the water is dissolved, leaving crystals behind.

6. Minerals are formed in several ways
Hot Water Cools
As the hot water moves through the Earth it collects minerals.
That hot water cools and the minerals become solid again.
This process can move a mineral from one area of the Earth to another.

7. Minerals are formed in several ways
Molten Rock Cools
Magma
molten rock inside the Earth contains all types of atoms that are found in minerals.
as magma cools it hardens becoming solid
Lava
is molten rock, with minerals in it that has reached the earth's surface
Quartz is a mineral that crystallizes from
magma and lava

8. Minerals are formed in several ways
Heat and Pressure Cause Changes
Heat and pressure cause new minerals to form as bonds between atoms break and new ones are created
At high temperatures carbon forms graphite

9. Minerals are formed in several ways
Organisms produce minerals
A few minerals are produced by living things
Oysters and clams produce calcite and other carbonate minerals to form their shells.
Humans produce apatite in our bones and teeth.

10. Many Minerals are Mined
Minerals are found at Earth’s surface and deep below the Earth
Most Minerals are combined with rock
Ores – Rocks that contain enough mineral to be mined for profit

11. Many Minerals are Mined
Surface Mining
Minerals at or near Earth's surface are recovered by surface mining.
The soil and rock covering the mineral deposits are removed.
Panning
Open-Pit
Strip

12. Many Minerals are Mined
Panning
minerals build up in riverbeds
as less dense minerals are carried
away by the water
Gold
Open pit mining
Extracting rock or minerals from the
earth by their deduction from an open
pit or borrows
Coal, copper, gold, gravel, sand, marble

13. Many Minerals are Mined
Strip mining
miners strip away plants, soil and unwanted rocks from the surface to reach the minerals.
Coal

14. Many Minerals are Mined
Deep mining
Used when ores are far below the Earth's surface
Miners create an underground cave system to reach precious metals (ores)
Coal, copper

15. Many Minerals are Mined
Mining can disrupt land, air, and water systems. Because of this, there are many laws governing mining.
Any estimation of the cost of mining must include the costs of exploration, excavation, environmental production during mining, and environmental reclamation afterward.
These costs must be weighed against the benefits of minerals.

16. Properties of Minerals
We identify different minerals by certain properties they contain:
Color
Streak
Luster
Density
Hardness
How they break = Fracture or Cleavage

17. Color
Minerals are colored because certain wave lengths of light are absorbed, and the color results from a combination of those wave lengths that reach the eye.
For some minerals, color is directly related to one of the major elements and can be characteristic and serve as a means of identification.
The color of a mineral is the first thing most people notice. But it can also be the least useful in identifying a mineral. Most minerals occur in more than one color.
Ex: Fluorite can be clear, white, yellow, blue, purple, or green.

18. Color Examples: Malichite is always green Azurite is always blue
Rhodonite is always red or pink.

19. Streak
The streak of a mineral is the color of the powder left on a streak plate when the mineral is scraped across it.
Streak Plate = piece of unglazed porcelain
Only good for minerals with Hardness >7
The streak plate has a hardness of glass, so minerals with a Mohs Hardness >7 will scratch the streak plate and won't powder the mineral.
Streak can be useful for identifying metallic and earthy minerals.
Nonmetallic minerals usually give a white streak because they are very light-colored.

20. Streak Many minerals have very distinctive streaks
Hematite always gives a reddish brown streak no matter what type of luster it displays.
Limonite has a yellow to brown streak
Graphite has a black streak (graphite is in your pencils!)

21. Luster How light is reflected from the surface of a mineral.
The two main types of luster:
Metallic = shiny like metal
Nonmetallic
Types of nonmetallic luster:
Vitreous: The luster of glass.
Resinous: The luster of resin.
Pearly: The luster of pearls.
Greasy: Looks like it is covered in a thin layer of oil.
Silky: The luster of silk.
Adamantine: A hard, brilliant luster.
Translucent: You can see into the mineral, but not completely through it.
Transparent: Transmits light completely through it, resembling glass.

22. Zircon (cubic zirconium) Diamond
Luster
Metallic
Gold Pyrite
Vitreous - Quartz
Greasy - Chrysocolla
Silky - Malachite
Adamantine
Zircon (cubic zirconium) Diamond
Pearly - Talc
Resinous - Amber

23. Hardness
The hardness of a mineral is its ability to resist scratching.
The hardest mineral known, diamond, was assigned the number 10.
Mohs Hardness Scale ranks the order of hardness
Examples:
Your fingernail can scratch the minerals talc and gypsum, with a hardness of 2 or lower.
A copper penny can scratch calcite, gypsum, and talc.
A common misunderstanding of how to identify a diamond is that it will scratch glass. While this is true, other minerals can scratch glass, too, as long as they have a hardness >6.

24. Hardness: Mohs Scale

25. Density (Specific Gravity)
How many times more the mineral weighs compared to an equal amount of water (SG 1).
How hefty a specimen feels has to do with how dense it is, its mass compared to its volume

26. Cleavage Cleavage is when a mineral breaks with smooth flat surfaces
Cleavage can be described as perfect, good, imperfect, poor.

27. Fracture
Fracture is when a mineral breaks, but the surface is not regular, does not show cleavage

28. Other Properties Fluorescence Magnetism Smell
Ex: Sulfer smells like rotten eggs
Effervesce (fizz) with lemon juice
or HCL
Ex: Calcite will fizz in lemon juice
Taste
Ex: Halite tastes salty