1. What is a Mineral? A mineral is a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition.

2. What is a Mineral? 1. naturally formed 2. Inorganic 3. solid. 4. Crystalline structure 5. Definite chemical composition

3. (5) Characteristics of Minerals Naturally Formed- must form naturally, not man- made Ex._______________Non-ex.___________ Fossils*electronics Apples, fruits, vegetables*paper Trees* clothes Water rocks Natural: you can find it in NATURE

4. Naturally Formed or Man-Made?

5. Naturally Formed

6. Naturally Formed or Man-Made?

7. Man-Made (You cannot walk outside and pick up laptops and cell phones off trees).

8. Naturally Formed or Man-Made?

9. Naturally Formed (We do not make fruit; fruit grows naturally form the earth).

10. Naturally Formed or Man-Made?

11. Naturally Formed (found in nature)

12. Naturally Formed or Man-Made?

13. Naturally Formed (found in nature)

14. Man-Made

15. Naturally formed or man-made?

16. (5) Characteristics of Minerals Inorganic- cannot arise from materials that were once part of a living thing Ex.______________ Non-Ex._________________ Most rocks*decaying leaves Water*tree Clouds*fossils

17. A Mineral is Inorganic it's never alive, it never will be

18. Inorganic or NOT?

19. Inorganic

21. NOT! Leaves were once from a living tree.

22. Inorganic or NOT?

23. Inorganic

25. Inorganic

27. NOT! A tree is living.

28. Inorganic or NOT?

29. organic (fossils are formed from the remains of once living organisms).

30. (5) Characteristics of Minerals Solid- always solid, not a liquid or gas. It has a definite volume and a definite shape

31. (5) Characteristics of Minerals Crystalline Structure- particles must line up in a pattern that repeats over and over again

32. Crystals Crystals are solid, geometric forms produced by a repeating pattern of atoms or molecules that are present throughout the mineral. A crystal’s shape is determined by the arrangement of the atoms or molecules within the crystal. All minerals can be grouped into crystal classes according to the kinds of crystals they form.

33. Crystal Structure

35. Crystals have a definite pattern….. This crystal prism has a pattern or design that it creates as light passes through it.

36. (5) Characteristics of Minerals Definite Chemical Composition- always contains certain elements in definite proportions. NaCl (salt)

37. (5) Characteristics of Minerals Solid- always solid, not a liquid or gas. It has a definite volume and a definite shape Naturally Formed- must form naturally, not man- made Inorganic- cannot arise from materials that were once part of a living thing Crystalline Structure- particles must line up in a pattern that repeats over and over again Definite Chemical Composition- always contains certain elements in definite proportions. NaCl (salt)

38. Properties of Minerals

39. A mineral is a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition. Each mineral has its own set of specific physical properties that can be used to identify it (hardness, color, streak, luster, density, crystal system, cleavage and fracture). An element is a substance composed of a single kind of atom. A compound is two or more elements combined so that the elements no longer have their original distinct properties.

40. Identifying Minerals Hardness- Moh’s scale ranks ten minerals from softest to hardest. Resistance to scratch Color- Because of factors, such as impurities, used only to identify a few minerals Streak- the color of a mineral in its powdered form Luster- how a mineral reflects light from its surface Density- the ratio of the mass to the volume of a substance Crystal Systems- six groups of structures based on the number and angle of the crystal faces Cleavage – splitting along smooth, flat surface Fracture- breaking apart along curved or irregular surfaces

41. Identifying Minerals Properties: Color, Luster, Streak, Density, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, and Special Properties

42. Color The same mineral can come in a variety of colors – Ex. quartz Impurities & other factors can change mineral appearance Color is not the best way to identify minerals

43. Luster Describes how a surface reflects light – Ex. shiny/dull Metallic- minerals containing metals are often shiny

44. Luster Examples of Nonmetallic – Vitreous- glassy, brilliant – Silky-fibrous – Resinous-plastic – Waxy- greasy, oily – Pearly- creamy – Earthy- rough, dull Nonmetallic- not as shiny

45. Streak Color of mineral in powder form Observed by rubbing a mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain called a streak plate Streak doesn’t vary like color & is often different than a mineral’s color More reliable than color

46. Cleavage and Fracture

47. Cleavage and Fracture- ways the mineral breaks apart, determined by arrangement of atoms.

48. Hardness Minerals resistance to being scratched Mohs’ Hardness Scale: Ranks minerals from softest to hardest Talc- softest known mineral Diamond- hardest known mineral

49. Hardness

50. Mohs Hardness Scale Talc1Softest known mineral Gypsum2fingernail can scratch it Calcite3scratched by copper penny Fluorite4easily scratched by steel knife Apatite5can be scratched by steel knife Orthoclase6can scratch window glass Quartz7can scratch steel Topaz8can scratch quartz Corundum9can scratch topaz Diamond10hardest known mineral

51. Density mass (how heavy it is) per unit volume (how much space it takes up) D= M/V Density remains same regardless of sample size Mass determined using balance Volume determined using water displacement method. Ex: gold is heavier than pyrite (fools gold)

52. Special Properties Some properties are particular to only a few types of minerals: Fluorescence – glow under ultraviolet light Chemical Reactions – reacts to an acid Magnetism – natural magnets that attract iron. Taste – ex. Halite has a salty taste Optical Properties – some can cause a double image Radioactivity – minerals that contain radium or uranium

53. Fluorescence – glow under ultraviolet light.

54. Chemical Reactions- reacts to an acid.

55. Magnetism

56. Optical Properties – some can cause a double image

57. Special Properties of Some Minerals

58. Quick Check 1. Which of the following properties of minerals does Moh's scale measure? a.luster b.density c.hardness d.streak

59. Quick Check 1. Which of the following properties of minerals does Moh's scale measure? a.luster b.density c.hardness d.streak

60. Quick Check 2. Pure substances cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means are called a. molecules. b. compounds. c. crystals. d. elements.

61. Quick Check 2. Pure substances cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means are called a. molecules. b. compounds. c. crystals. d. elements.

62. Quick Check 3. Which of the following properties is considered a special property that applies to only a few minerals? a. luster b. taste c. hardness d. density

63. Quick Check 3. Which of the following properties is considered a special property that applies to only a few minerals? a. luster b. taste c. hardness d. density

64. Quick Check 3. The appearance of a material that can vary according to the impurities in that mineral as well as other factors : a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. color f. luster

65. Quick Check 3. The appearance of a material that can vary according to the impurities in that mineral as well as other factors : a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. color f. luster

66. Quick Check 4. The splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat surfaces: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. fracture f. luster

67. Quick Check 4. The splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat surfaces: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. fracture f. luster

68. Quick Check the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. fracture f. luster

69. Quick Check the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. fracture f. luster

70. Quick Check A measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. fracture f. special properties

71. Quick Check A measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. fracture f. special properties

72. Quick Check Characteristics that are particular to only a few types of minerals: a, cleavage b. hardness c. special properties d. streak e. color f. luster

73. Quick Check Characteristics that are particular to only a few types of minerals: a, cleavage b. hardness c. special properties d. streak e. color f. luster

74. Quick Check The color of the powder of a mineral: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. special properties f. color

75. Quick Check The color of the powder of a mineral: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. special properties f. color

76. Quick Check 5. The way in which a mineral reflects light: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. fracture f. luster

77. Quick Check 5. The way in which a mineral reflects light: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. streak e. fracture f. luster

78. Quick Check 6. The breaking of a mineral along either curved or irregular surfaces: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. fracture e. luster f. special properties

79. Quick Check 6. The breaking of a mineral along either curved or irregular surfaces: a. density b. cleavage c. hardness d. fracture e. luster f. special properties