2. BIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is the function of the heart? the heart’s function is to… Pump characteristics: Essentially ______________, hence 2 routes! -____________

3. Location -________________ -________________ Size -___________ Orientation -_________ Where should the tin man look for a heart?

4. Heart held in position via attachments: -on top: ______________ -below: What is the external anatomy of the heart?

5. Heart surrounded by a double-layered protective sac the _______________ Consists of three layers: Fibrous pericardium Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium _______________ He died of a broken heart... ___________________ What is the external anatomy of the heart? _______________ Pericardial cavity

6. _____________ right = ________ left = _________ “_________” ______________ _______ _________________ (divides atria and ventricles) _________________ (divides ventricles) What is the external anatomy of the heart?

7. The cardiac sulci are marked by ___________, which are associated with ____________________. What is the external anatomy of the heart?

8. Vessels associated with sulci… __________________ (Right and Left) __________________ (anterior and posterior) What is the external anatomy of the heart?

9. What happens if a thrombus/embolus ends up in these vessels?

10. Vessels associated with sulci… __________________ _______________ return blood to heart via… To what chamber? ? What is the external anatomy of the heart? ________________

11. _____________ -3 entrances *__________ *__________ _______________ - - - …to pulmonary trunk 1 2 3 What is the internal anatomy of the heart? ______________

12. ______________ 4 entrances (_____________) ____________ (Mitral valve) _____________: Exit semilunar valves… to __________________ 1 2 3 4 _____________________ separates the R&L ventricles _____________ separates R&L atria What is the internal anatomy of the heart? ____________ or ______________?

13. The 3 “cardiums” or layers of the heart wall: _________: smooth serous membrane and loose connective tissue _________: thick muscular layer _________: simple squamous epithelium and fibrous connective tissue What is the anatomy of the heart wall?

14. Cardiac histology Characteristics: Slower onset and longer duration of contraction Why? mitochondria myofibril sarcomere nucleus Intercalated discs branch What is the histology of the heart wall?

15. Take 5!!! Under resting conditions most ATP produced in cardiac muscle is derived from the metabolism of fatty acids. During periods of heavy exercise, however, cardiac muscle cells use lactic acid as an energy source. Why is this an advantage? Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer

16. _________ “fires” Impulse reaches ___ ______, 0.1 sec delay Impulse travels to __ _______ (Bundle of His) Impulse travels down _________ _______________ Finally back up ______________ What controls the timing and sequence of a heart beat?

17. ____________: when tissue other than SA node initiates action potential If not SA node what other possibilities? What happens when your pacemaker loses time?

18. Electrodes used to measure change electric potential = ____________________ Each wave represents an electric potential P wave = ________________ QRS complex = __________ _______________________ T wave = ____________ __________________ Where is atrial repolarization? How can we represent this electrical activity?

19. Two terms used to describe status of myocardium: ______ = contraction ______ = relaxation Terms can refer to atrial or ventricular condition… However, if not specified it is always ventricular What is the cardiac cycle?

20. Distinct periods occurring include: Ventricular Systole 1) period of _______ _________ 2) period of _________ What is the cardiac cycle?

21. Ventricular Diastole 3) period of ________ ________ 4) period of _______ _______ _______ (70%) 5) period of _______ ________ ____ What is the cardiac cycle?

22. Take 5!!! Fibrillation is abnormal, rapid contractions of different parts of the heart that prevent the heart muscle from contracting as a single unit. Why does atrial fibrillation not cause immediate death, but ventricular fibrillation does? Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer

23. Heart sounds are caused by… Consists of: “Lubb” = Normal heart sounds Mitral valve stenosis “Dup” = Sometimes a third sound = What makes the rhythm of this drum in my chest?

24. The heart is regulated in two fashions… 1) ______________ depends on characteristics of the heart itself (in or out of the body!) ____________ ______________ (preload relates to stroke volume) How is the heart’s activity regulated?

25. 2) ____________ depends on neural and hormonal control _______________ via vagus nerves < heart rate “vagal stimulation” _______________ via cardiac nerves > heart rate & > force of contraction _______________ > rate & > force...via which ones? How is the heart’s activity regulated?

26. __________monitor conditions including: 1) Changes in pressure (______________) in major arteries work with medulla oblongata Effects of ions 1) ________+ can decrease heart contraction to heart block 2) _________++ can increase rate (death due to skeletal muscle tetany) Effects of temperature = ? 2) Changes in chemistry (_____________) in medulla oblongata (CO2) and major arteries (O2) How is homeostasis of the heart achieved?

27. Endocarditis Myocarditis Rheumatic fever (endocarditis) Coronary heart disease Angina pectoris Myocardial infarction Congenital heart defects: Septal defects Patent ductus arteriosus Stenosis Incompetent (prolapsed) valve Cyanosis CHF Hypertension What are some of the diseases/disorders of the heart?