2. Step Up To: Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From Myers, Psychology 8e Worth Publishers

3. Chapter 10: Thinking and Language Concentrate Mull it Over Tell me about it Speak their Language Think before you speak

4. 100 200 300 400 500 Concentrate

5. 100 200 300 400 500 Mull it Over

6. 100 200 300 400 500 Tell me about it

7. 100 200 300 400 500 Speak their language

8. 100 200 300 400 500 Think before you speak

9. 1. A prototype is a: A) Mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people. B) step-by-step procedure for solving problems. C) best example of a particular category. D) rule-of-thumb strategy for solving problems efficiently.

10. 2. When we use the word “automobile” to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n): A) phoneme. B) concept. C) heuristic. D) algorithm.

11. 3. Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called: A) heuristics. B) semantics. C) prototypes. D) algorithms.

12. 4. As he attempted to spell the word “receive,” Tim reminded himself “i before e except after c.” This illustrates the use of: A) a prototype. B) trial and error. C) a heuristic. D) an algorithm.

13. 5. When given a candle, tacks, and a box of matches and asked to mount the candle on the wall, people often fail to think of using the matchbox as a candleholder. This best illustrates: A) functional fixedness. B) overconfidence. C) confirmation bias. D) the availability heuristic.

14. 6. The human tendency toward intellectual arrogance is best demonstrated by: A) overconfidence. B) belief perseverance. C) the framing effect. D) functional fixedness.

15. 7. People told that a chemical is projected to kill 10 out of every 10 million people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is 0.000001. This best illustrates the importance of: A) belief perseverance. B) framing. C) functional fixedness. D) confirmation bias.

16. 8. We often consider illogical conclusions that happen to agree with our personal opinions to be logically valid. This is known as: A) the availability heuristic. B) linguistic relativity. C) belief bias. D) framing.

17. 9. Which of the following illustrates belief perseverance? A) Your belief remains intact even in the face of contrary evidence. B) You refuse to listen to arguments counter to your beliefs. C) You tend to search for information that supports your beliefs. D) Your beliefs tend to distort logical reasoning.

18. 10. Experts in the field prefer to use heuristics instead of algorithms because heuristics: A) guarantee solutions to all problems. B) prevent mental sets. C) often save time. D) prevent fixation.

19. 11. The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called: A) universal grammar. B) telegraphic speech. C) semantics. D) babbling.

20. 12. Two-year-old Donna’s sentences— “Dad come,” “Mom laugh,” and “Truck gone”—are examples of: A) babbling. B) artificial intelligence. C) telegraphic speech. D) universal grammar.

21. 13. During the earliest stage of speech development, infants: A) speak in single words that may be barely recognizable. B) begin to imitate adult syntax. C) make speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired. D) make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents’ native language.

22. 14. In order to combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, one needs to adhere to proper rules of: A) semantics. B) syntax. C) nomenclature. D) phonics.

23. 15. When 3-year-old Rosalie complained, “Boris hitted me with a ball,” she was illustrating the tendency of young children to: A) use telegraphic speech patterns. B) imitate the incorrect speech patterns of others. C) receive inadequate reinforcement for correct language usage. D) use certain grammatical rules in sentence construction.

24. 16. Worf’s linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that: A) infancy is a critical period for language development. B) all languages share a similar grammar. C) our linguistic proficiencies influence our social status. D) words shape the way people think.

25. 17. Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that chimps can acquire language because the chimps have not shown the ability to: A) use symbols meaningfully. B) acquire speech. C) acquire even a limited vocabulary. D) use syntax in communicating.

26. 18. The problem-solving abilities of forest- dwelling chimpanzees are best illustrated by their naturally developed use of: A) sign language. B) hand tools. C) heuristics. D) artificial intelligence.

27. 19. Beatrice and Allen Gardner taught the chimpanzee Washoe to communicate by means of: A) pictures. B) Morse code. C) sign language. D) a simplified typewriter.

28. 20. At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin to: A) imitate adult grammar. B) make speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired. C) speak in simple words that may be barely recognizable. D) lose their ability to discriminate sounds that they never hear.

29. 21. We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ____ of a bird. A) heuristic B) prototype C) algorithm D) phoneme

30. 22. Failing to see that an article of clothing can be inflated as a life preserver is an example of: A) belief bias. B) the availability heuristic. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) functional fixedness.

31. 23. In relation to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75% lean” than to one referring to it as “25% fat”. This is an example of: A) the framing effect. B) confirmation bias. C) mental set. D) overconfidence.

32. 24. Phonemes are the basic units of _____ in language. A) sound B) meaning C) grammar D) semantics

33. 25. Regarding the relationship between thinking and language, which of the following most accurately reflects the position taken in the text? A) Language determines everything about our thinking. B) Language determines the way we think. C) Thinking without language is not possible. D) Thinking affects our language, which then affects our thought.

35. Stop here, or continue as a review

36. 1. A prototype is a: A) Mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people. B) step-by-step procedure for solving problems. C) best example of a particular category. D) rule-of-thumb strategy for solving problems efficiently. 396

37. 2. When we use the word “automobile” to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n): A) phoneme. B) concept. C) heuristic. D) algorithm. 396

38. 3. Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called: A) heuristics. B) semantics. C) prototypes. D) algorithms. 397

39. 4. As he attempted to spell the word “receive,” Tim reminded himself “i before e except after c.” This illustrates the use of: A) a prototype. B) trial and error. C) a heuristic. D) an algorithm. 398

40. 5. When given a candle, tacks, and a box of matches and asked to mount the candle on the wall, people often fail to think of using the matchbox as a candleholder. This best illustrates: A) functional fixedness. B) overconfidence. C) confirmation bias. D) the availability heuristic. 400

41. 6. The human tendency toward intellectual arrogance is best demonstrated by: A) overconfidence. B) belief perseverance. C) the framing effect. D) functional fixedness. 403

42. 7. People told that a chemical is projected to kill 10 out of every 10 million people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is 0.000001. This best illustrates the importance of: A) belief perseverance. B) framing. C) functional fixedness. D) confirmation bias. 402

43. 8. We often consider illogical conclusions that happen to agree with our personal opinions to be logically valid. This is known as: A) the availability heuristic. B) linguistic relativity. C) belief bias. D) framing. 407

44. 9. Which of the following illustrates belief perseverance? A) Your belief remains intact even in the face of contrary evidence. B) You refuse to listen to arguments counter to your beliefs. C) You tend to search for information that supports your beliefs. D) Your beliefs tend to distort logical reasoning. 407

45. 10. Experts in the field prefer to use heuristics instead of algorithms because heuristics: A) guarantee solutions to all problems. B) prevent mental sets. C) often save time. D) prevent fixation. 398

46. 11. The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called: A) universal grammar. B) telegraphic speech. C) semantics. D) babbling. 412

47. 12. Two-year-old Donna’s sentences— “Dad come,” “Mom laugh,” and “Truck gone”—are examples of: A) babbling. B) artificial intelligence. C) telegraphic speech. D) universal grammar. 413

48. 13. During the earliest stage of speech development, infants: A) speak in single words that may be barely recognizable. B) begin to imitate adult syntax. C) make speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired. D) make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents’ native language. 410

49. 14. In order to combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, one needs to adhere to proper rules of: A) semantics. B) syntax. C) nomenclature. D) phonics. 411

50. 15. When 3-year-old Rosalie complained, “Boris hitted me with a ball,” she was illustrating the tendency of young children to: A) use telegraphic speech patterns. B) imitate the incorrect speech patterns of others. C) receive inadequate reinforcement for correct language usage. D) use certain grammatical rules in sentence construction. 411

51. 16. Worf’s linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that: A) infancy is a critical period for language development. B) all languages share a similar grammar. C) our linguistic proficiencies influence our social status. D) words shape the way people think. 418

52. 17. Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that chimps can acquire language because the chimps have not shown the ability to: A) use symbols meaningfully. B) acquire speech. C) acquire even a limited vocabulary. D) use syntax in communicating. 426

53. 18. The problem-solving abilities of forest- dwelling chimpanzees are best illustrated by their naturally developed use of: A) sign language. B) hand tools. C) heuristics. D) artificial intelligence. 423

54. 19. Beatrice and Allen Gardner taught the chimpanzee Washoe to communicate by means of: A) pictures. B) Morse code. C) sign language. D) a simplified typewriter. 425

55. 20. At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin to: A) imitate adult grammar. B) make speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired. C) speak in simple words that may be barely recognizable. D) lose their ability to discriminate sounds that they never hear. 410

56. 21. We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ____ of a bird. A) heuristic B) prototype C) algorithm D) phoneme 396

57. 22. Failing to see that an article of clothing can be inflated as a life preserver is an example of: A) belief bias. B) the availability heuristic. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) functional fixedness. 400

58. 23. In relation to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75% lean” than to one referring to it as “25% fat”. This is an example of: A) the framing effect. B) confirmation bias. C) mental set. D) overconfidence. 406

59. 24. Phonemes are the basic units of _____ in language. A) sound B) meaning C) grammar D) semantics 410

60. 25. Regarding the relationship between thinking and language, which of the following most accurately reflects the position taken in the text? A) Language determines everything about our thinking. B) Language determines the way we think. C) Thinking without language is not possible. D) Thinking affects our language, which then affects our thought. 422

61. Acknowledgements Step Up Created by: –John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Psychology, Eighth Edition by David Myers Published by Worth Publishers, 2006

62. Answers 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.D 12.C 13.D 14.B 15.D 16.D 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.D 21.B 22.D 23.A 24.A 25.D