1. Ever wonder how you can do everything you do?
The Nervous System
Ever wonder how you can do everything you do?

2. 4 main functions
Sensory receptors allow us to sense our external environment as well as sense changes internally.
Coordinates body activities (actions both involuntary and voluntary)
Assimilates experiences in order to have memory and intelligence – Thinking!
Helps maintain homeostasis by detecting changes either on the outside or inside and allowing your body to react appropriately.

3. Divided into two main sections
Central Nervous System (CNS) = brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) = cranial and spinal nerves and are information lines (like corded telephones)

4. CNS and PNS
The CNS is like the control center. It houses the brain and spinal cord.
The PNS is the message center. It connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

5. What makes up the Nervous System?
Neurons or nerve cells: the basic cell and functional unite of the nervous system.
They transmit information to the body in the form nerve impulses.
They have a rounded area called the nerve cell body and two extensions: the dendrites and axons.
Nerves: are bundles of axons.
Nervous Tissue: Bundles of neurons or nerve cells put together.
Neuroglial cells: supporting cells in the nervous tissue.

6. Neuron:
Conducts impulses to the neuron
Conducts impulses to the body

7. Neuroglial cells:
Function: Fill in spaces, provide structural frameworks, produce myelin, carry on phagocytosis
2. Types:
Microglial: scattered throughout, support neurons, phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris
Oligodendrocites: occur in rows, provide insulating layers of myelin around axons within the brain and spinal cord

8. Neuroglial cells Types Cont.
3. Astrocytes: found between neurons and blood vessels, provide structural support – form scar tissue that fills spaces within the CNS
4. Ependymal: epithelial like membrane that covers specialized brain parts and forms inner linings that enclose spaces within the brain.
5. Schwann cells – in PNS, form covering of myelin around axons

9. Examples of cells:

10. Made up of:
White Matter: In the CNS, myelinated axons that appear white
Gray Matter: Unmyelinated axons and neuron cell bodies in the PNS appear gray.

11. Specific types of neurons:
Depending on what your body needs to do- there are different types of neurons. 1. Bipolar 2. Unipolar 3. Multipolar

12. Each neuron is either a Sensory Neuron, a Motor Neuron or an Interneuron.
SENSORY NEURON: Is considered Afferent or it brings information from the body into the neurons located in the brain or spinal cord (CNS). Stimulated by changes from inside or outside the body- the sense it and act on it.
MOTOR NEURON: Is considered Efferent or it brings messages away from the CNS and sends them to the body. It stimulates muscles to contract, or your body to “do” something either voluntarily or involuntarily.
INTERNEURON: Lie within the CNS and link other neurons together. They transmit impulses from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another.
Neurons continued

13. Autonomic vs. Somatic nervous system
1. Autonomic nervous system – controls everything we don’t think about.. Smooth muscles, glands, breathing, etc. = involuntary movement
2. Somatic nervous system – controls the skeletal muscle = voluntary movement

14. Neuron activity:
Use the book and your notes to create a foldable about the different types of neurons.
You may fold it anyway you like as long as on the outside you have three flaps (1 for each of the types of neurons)
The outside you will need to draw what each neuron looks like and label it.
The inside will answer the following info:
Where it is located.
Something about the number of axons and dendrites.
If it is a sensory neuron, interneuron, or motor neuron and what that means.
Is it afferent or efferent.
One piece of other information.

15. Review work for Nervous system: Neuron
When finished with your foldable you are working on the following questions:
* Check your recall pp. 207, 208, 209, 212
* Review exercises p 249 Q1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7

16. The brain:
The brain is composed of about 100 billion multipolar neurons and even more nerve fibers to communicate.
Divided into three major portions: The cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem

17. The Brain:
Cerebrum controls sensory and motor functions, higher mental functions – memory and reasoning (Divided into sections)
Cerebellum coordinates voluntary muscle activity
Brain stem regulates visceral activities and connects various parts of the nervous system

18. The Brain Lobes: The Frontal Lobe The Parietal Lobe The Occipital Lobe
The Temporal Lobe

19. 1. The Frontal Lobe Functions:
Forms the anterior portion of each hemisphere (Your brain is divided into left and right portions).
Functions:
How we know what we are doing within our environment (Consciousness).
Controls our emotional response.
Controls our expressive language.
Assigns meaning to the words we choose. Involves word associations.
Memory for habits and motor activities.

20. The Frontal Lobe Observed Problems:
Loss of simple movement of various body parts (Paralysis).
Inability to plan a sequence of complex movements needed to complete multi-stepped tasks, such as making coffee (Sequencing).
Inability to focus on task (Attending) Changes in social behavior. Changes in personality. Difficulty with problem solving.
Inability to express language (Broca's Aphasia).

21. 2. Parietal Lobe
Location: Posterior to the frontal lobe, on the top part of the cerebrum.
Function:
Location for visual attention.
Location for touch perception.
Goal directed voluntary movements.
Manipulation of objects.

22. Parietal Lobe Observed Problems:
Inability to attend to more than one object at a time.
Inability to name an object (Anomia).
Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia).
Problems with reading (Alexia).
Difficulty with drawing objects.
Difficulty in distinguishing left from right.
Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia).
Inability to focus visual attention.
Difficulties with eye and hand coordination.

23. 3. Occipital Lobe
Location: Most posterior, at the back of the head/brain.
Function:
Vision control center.
Observed Problems:
Defects in vision (Visual Field Cuts).
Difficulty with identifying colors (Color Agnosia).
Production of hallucinations Visual illusions - inaccurately seeing objects.
Inability to recognize the movement of an object (Movement Agnosia).
Difficulties with reading and writing.

24. 4. Temporal Lobe
Location: Laterally (each side of brain close to the ears.
Function:
Hearing ability
Memory acquisition
Some visual perceptions
Categorization of objects.
Observed problems:
Difficulty in recognizing faces.
Short-term memory loss.
Inability to categorize objects (Categorization).
Right lobe damage can cause persistent talking.
Increased aggressive behavior.

25. Activities: Labeling and vocab worksheets.
Right Brained and Left Brained article and Survey.
Brain/Neuron packet.

26. BRAIN STEM Deep in Brain, leads to spinal cord. Functions:
Breathing Heart Rate Swallowing Reflexes to seeing and hearing (Startle Response). Controls sweating, blood pressure, digestion, temperature (Autonomic Nervous System). Affects level of alertness. Ability to sleep.
Sense of balance (Vestibular Function).
Observed Problems:
Decreased vital capacity in breathing, important for speech. Swallowing food and water (Dysphagia). Difficulty with organization/perception of the environment. Problems with balance and movement. Dizziness and nausea (Vertigo).
Sleeping difficulties (Insomnia, sleep apnea).

27. Brain Stem Includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Midbrain – several masses of gray matter that serve as reflex centers = vision reflex and auditory reflex
Pons – relay sensory impulses from peripheral nerves to higher brain centers
Medulla oblongata – similar to the pons, but also controls the cardiac center, vasoconstriction and vasodilatation, and respiratory center.

28. CEREBELLUM Located at the base of the skull. Functions:
Coordination of voluntary movement Balance and equilibrium
Some memory for reflex motor acts.
Observed Problems:
Loss of ability to coordinate fine movements. Loss of ability to walk. Inability to reach out and grab objects. Tremors. Dizziness (Vertigo). Slurred Speech (Scanning Speech).
Inability to make rapid movements.

29. CEREBELLUM Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and medial forebrain
Comprised mostly of gray matter
Hypothalamus is important in maintaining homeostais by regulating:
Secretions that stimulate the pituitary gland
Heart rate
Water and electrolyte balance
Hunger and body weight
Glandular secretions
Body temp
Sleep and wakefulness

30. Brain Activities: Optical Illusions worksheets.
Brain labeling, Brain questions from book.
Brain and spinal cord board game questions
Brain Activities:

31. Cranial Nerves

32. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal smell
Pair of nerves
What is does
Olfactory
smell
2. Optic
vision
3. Oculomotor
Raise eyelids, move the eye, controls involuntary muscles of the eye, adjusts amount of light into the eyes
4. Trochlear
Carries motor impulses to the fifth voluntary muscle of the eye
5. Trigeminal
Ophthalmic division = sensory fibers from the surface of the eye, tear glands, anterior scalp, forehead, upper eyelids
Maxillary division = upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip
Mandibular division = scalp behind ears, skin of jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, lower lip

33. 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal
Pair of nerves
What is does
6. Abducens
Moves the rest of the eye
7. Facial
Taste, anterior two-thirds of tongue, facial expression
8. Vestibulocochlear
Vestibular branch = maintain equilibrium
Cochlear branch = hearing
9. Glossopharyngeal
Tongue and pharynx, tonsils, posterior third of tongue
10. Vagus
Somatic= Larynx, swallowing, speech
Autonomic = heart and smooth muscles
11. Accessory
Cranial branch = soft palate, pharynx, larynx
Spinal branch = neck muscles
12. Hypoglossal
Move the tongue for speaking, chewing, swallowing

34. The Spinal Cord

35. The Spinal Cord Spinal Cord connected to the brain
descends down the middle of the back and is surrounded and protected by the bony vertebral column
surrounded by a clear fluid called Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF), that acts as a cushion to protect the delicate nerve tissues against damage from banging against the inside of the vertebrae
transmit electrical information to and from the limbs, trunk and organs of the body, back to and from the brain
Spinal Cord

37. Cerebral Spinal Fluid:

38. Spinal Nerves
There are four main groups of spinal nerves which exit different levels of the spinal cord.
These are in descending order down the vertebral column:
Cervical Nerves "C" : (nerves in the neck) supply movement and feeling to the arms, neck and upper trunk. (8 total)
Thoracic Nerves "T" : (nerves in the upper back) supply the trunk and abdomen. (12 total)
3. Lumbar Nerves "L" and Sacral Nerves "S" : (nerves in the lower back) supply the legs, the bladder, bowel and sexual organs. (5L and 5S)

39. Nerve activities????

40. How does your brain send out signals?