1. Biology unit 1/2 -CHAPTER 2 Topic: Level Of Organisation (p42-46) 28/3/2012 BY Muhammad Bilal Javed

2. Learning Objectives Upon completion student will understand... Uni / multi cellular organisation & characteristic Level of organisation Type of tissues ?? SA: V Ratio: how it works? its important to cell...!! Delivery method Organ & their system. Comparison of plant and human organ system..!! Summary of organisation Upon completion student will understand... Uni / multi cellular organisation & characteristic Level of organisation Type of tissues ?? SA: V Ratio: how it works? its important to cell...!! Delivery method Organ & their system. Comparison of plant and human organ system..!! Summary of organisation

3. Cells Cells The basic structure of living things Human body contains about 100 trillion cells Cells The basic structure of living things Human body contains about 100 trillion cells

4. UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS CELL Must carry out all the metabolic processes necessary for life NB: “ uni-” = one (i.e. one cell) Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms. Some algae, some protists, and some eukaryotes (yeasts), are unicellular Are complex cells capable of/or can still do everything they need to stay alive Benefits over multicellular organisms: - Need fewer resources - Can live in harsher conditions Must carry out all the metabolic processes necessary for life NB: “ uni-” = one (i.e. one cell) Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms. Some algae, some protists, and some eukaryotes (yeasts), are unicellular Are complex cells capable of/or can still do everything they need to stay alive Benefits over multicellular organisms: - Need fewer resources - Can live in harsher conditions

5. Multicellular Organisms Are dependent on each other for survival. NB: “ multi-”= more than one (millions of cells) Plants, animals, some protists, and most fungi are multicellular. Start as a single cell -> many cells -> cells differentiate (change) into different types of cells -> cells group together (i.e. level of organisation) Are dependent on each other for survival. NB: “ multi-”= more than one (millions of cells) Plants, animals, some protists, and most fungi are multicellular. Start as a single cell -> many cells -> cells differentiate (change) into different types of cells -> cells group together (i.e. level of organisation)

6. Levels of Organization Depend upon each type of cell and its specific job aka specialized cells. ??CAN YOU IN YOUR OWN WORDS EXPLANIN WHAT ‘SPECIALIZED’ MEAN WHEN TALKING ABOUT CELL ORGANIZATIONS?? 1st Level: cells 2nd Level: Tissues 3 rd Level: Organs 4th Level: Organ Systems ?? Is sperm a cell ?? Therefore : Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems Depend upon each type of cell and its specific job aka specialized cells. ??CAN YOU IN YOUR OWN WORDS EXPLANIN WHAT ‘SPECIALIZED’ MEAN WHEN TALKING ABOUT CELL ORGANIZATIONS?? 1st Level: cells 2nd Level: Tissues 3 rd Level: Organs 4th Level: Organ Systems ?? Is sperm a cell ?? Therefore : Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems

7. Multicellular Characteristics Larger size = benefit: have less predators and have more options of things to eat Another benefit: Longer life – organism will continue to live even if a single cell dies Biggest benefit: ‘Specialization’ – each type of cell has a specific job, making the organism more efficient Larger size = benefit: have less predators and have more options of things to eat Another benefit: Longer life – organism will continue to live even if a single cell dies Biggest benefit: ‘Specialization’ – each type of cell has a specific job, making the organism more efficient

8. Tissue Are ‘group of same cells’ that work together to perform a specific job. NB: Material around and between the cells is also part of the tissue. Different kind of tissue serves different function 4 MAIN TYPES: - CONNECTIVE - MUSCLE - NERVOUS - EPITHELIAL Are ‘group of same cells’ that work together to perform a specific job. NB: Material around and between the cells is also part of the tissue. Different kind of tissue serves different function 4 MAIN TYPES: - CONNECTIVE - MUSCLE - NERVOUS - EPITHELIAL

10. Examples CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Connects other tissues together. ie: Fat, cartilage, bones, blood, ligaments and tendons. EPITHELIAL TISSUE: Covers the surface of your body and lines the inside of organs. For out side only epidermal = ‘outside’) NB: plants don't have epithelial. MUSCLE TISSUE: Movement of the body’s functions. ie: voluntary & involuntary. NERVOUS TISSUE: Controls & coordinates all body functions. ie: brain, nerves CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Connects other tissues together. ie: Fat, cartilage, bones, blood, ligaments and tendons. EPITHELIAL TISSUE: Covers the surface of your body and lines the inside of organs. For out side only epidermal = ‘outside’) NB: plants don't have epithelial. MUSCLE TISSUE: Movement of the body’s functions. ie: voluntary & involuntary. NERVOUS TISSUE: Controls & coordinates all body functions. ie: brain, nerves

11. SA:V-to- Ratio Surface area : Volume ratio The surface area of a sphere is calculated using the formula 3πr 2 The volume of a sphere can be calculated using the formula 4/3πr 2 SA:V ratio can be calculated by simply dividing the SA by the V. For a sphere of radius 1μm, what would the SA:V ratio be? Surface area : Volume ratio The surface area of a sphere is calculated using the formula 3πr 2 The volume of a sphere can be calculated using the formula 4/3πr 2 SA:V ratio can be calculated by simply dividing the SA by the V. For a sphere of radius 1μm, what would the SA:V ratio be?

12. Surface area:Volume ratio What is the apparent relationship between SA and V in a sphere? The larger the sphere, the lesser the surface area in comparison the volume. What is the apparent relationship between SA and V in a sphere? The larger the sphere, the lesser the surface area in comparison the volume. Example : when cell size increase (i.e. radius) the SA:V decrease Radius (r) SA:V 1 unit3.0 21.5 31.0 60.5 100.3

13. How SA:V relates to cells Cells are roughly spherical in shape The plasma membrane is vital for the importation of required substances and the disposal of waste Cells need as large as possible a surface are (in relation to their volume) in order to interact effectively with their environment. This is the limiting factor on the size of cells. Cells are roughly spherical in shape The plasma membrane is vital for the importation of required substances and the disposal of waste Cells need as large as possible a surface are (in relation to their volume) in order to interact effectively with their environment. This is the limiting factor on the size of cells.

14. Organization of cells in multicellular organisms Explanation: the number of cells occupying a particular space influences the rate of movement of material into & out of the mass occupying the space. The greater the overall SA:V Ratio the greater the efficiency of movement of material.

15. Important of SA:V Ratio Important in determining the cell efficiency to move the materials across its membrane, and that the higher SA:V Ratio of cells, the more efficient it is in carrying out those functions. Exchange of martial between tissue and their environment has the potential to be far more efficient if the tissue is made up of many small cells rather than fewer larger cells. Important in determining the cell efficiency to move the materials across its membrane, and that the higher SA:V Ratio of cells, the more efficient it is in carrying out those functions. Exchange of martial between tissue and their environment has the potential to be far more efficient if the tissue is made up of many small cells rather than fewer larger cells.

16. Delivery system... For the inner cells of a tissue to operate as efficient as the outer cells, they must have a delivery system that transport foods and gases to them and takes away waste. In many animals, the delivery system is the blood circulatory system. For the inner cells of a tissue to operate as efficient as the outer cells, they must have a delivery system that transport foods and gases to them and takes away waste. In many animals, the delivery system is the blood circulatory system.

17. Delivery system This contact with the external environment is achieved by means of a delivery system – ( i.e. blood flow)

18. Organs Only in multicellular organism Different tissue types working together with / or for a specific job to be done at its best. Thus organs can be defined as a collection of tissues. For example: your stomach consisting of groups of tissues i.e. epithelium, smooth muscle cells & blood ??What other organs can you think of ?? Only in multicellular organism Different tissue types working together with / or for a specific job to be done at its best. Thus organs can be defined as a collection of tissues. For example: your stomach consisting of groups of tissues i.e. epithelium, smooth muscle cells & blood ??What other organs can you think of ??

19. How about organ of Plants or Trees !! Leaf is a an organ for plants & trees Tissues of leaf include: epithelium, vascular tissue, and parenchyma tissue. ??What other organs of plant/ or tress can you think ?? Leaf is a an organ for plants & trees Tissues of leaf include: epithelium, vascular tissue, and parenchyma tissue. ??What other organs of plant/ or tress can you think ??

20. Organ systems Our digestive system is comprises various organs that work together to ensure that the food we eat is digested and voluble nutrients from the foods can be absorbed and delivered to our body. Eg. Commences with mouth -> teeth -> oesophagus ->stomach ->intestine -> liver. Than, blood carrying O 2 picks up nutrients absorbed by intestine -> circulates to the body

21. Plant organ Vs Human organ Plants... Energy need is less not/ or hardly mobile Hence lacks complex organs or don't need it as: produce their own food through photosynthesis plus this process also delivers or allows exchange of O 2 and CO 2 Plants... Energy need is less not/ or hardly mobile Hence lacks complex organs or don't need it as: produce their own food through photosynthesis plus this process also delivers or allows exchange of O 2 and CO 2 Human... Energy need greater Depends on/ greater mobility Thus require complex system, such as: - respiratory for (energy /ATP) - digestive system (for food /nutrients) Human... Energy need greater Depends on/ greater mobility Thus require complex system, such as: - respiratory for (energy /ATP) - digestive system (for food /nutrients)

22. Summary of levels of organisation in multicelullar organism

23. Home work to be completed in holidays Do bio-challenge question (p-47) Do quick-check questions on (p-31, 35,42,46) Chapter review questions: Q 2) & Q6) applying your understanding, as well as Q7d) analysing informational and drawing your conclusions. Hint; for Q7d) good idea have a look at videos on YouTube or any appropriate site that suites you to give you ideas. After the above please attempt reading on chapter 3 for lessons

24. Reading’s for upcoming topics After finishing of home work from last slide please attempt ‘reading on chapter 3’ and attempt QUICK -CHECK questions on (p60 & p71) AND Do reading on Chapter 4. As well as QUICK CHECK questions (p84 & P88)

25. Thank you & enjoy your holidays :D