1. Chapter 15
Bleeding and Shock

2. Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:
Describe the cardiorespiratory system
List the components of the circulatory system
Explain how blood circulates throughout the body
Explain blood pressure and pulse

3. Objectives (cont’d.)
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.):
Explain what is meant by standard precautions
Define the three basic types of bleeding
Explain the dangers associated with shock

4. The Cardiorespiratory System
Includes functions of the heart, blood vessels, circulation, and gas exchange between the blood and atmosphere
Heart pumps blood through the body through pathways (e.g., arteries, veins, and capillaries)
Blood is enriched with oxygen when it passes through lungs
As oxygen enters the bloodstream, carbon dioxide leaves it (i.e., respiration)

5. The Circulatory System
Course taken by blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins and back to the heart
Uses blood to transport dissolved materials throughout the body (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste)

6. The Circulatory System (cont’d.)
The heart
Two major circulations
Each has its own pump
Both pumps are incorporated into the heart
Heart structure
Primarily a shell with four chambers inside

7. The Circulatory System (cont’d.)
Blood
Only tissue that flows throughout the body

8. Animation – The Blood
Click Here to Play Blood Animation

9. The Circulatory System (cont’d.)
Plasma
River in which blood cells travel
Makes up 55% of blood's total volume

10. The Circulatory System (cont’d.)
Red blood cells
Highly specialized cells
“Stripped” of everything that might get in the way of transporting oxygen
Molecule within RBCs- Hemoglobin
Picks up oxygen in areas where it is abundant and releases it in tissues where oxygen is low

11. The Circulatory System (cont’d.)
White blood cells
Five kinds: neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
Platelets

12. The Circulatory System (cont’d.)
Blood vessels
Hollow tubes, running throughout the body, through which blood circulates
Types:

13. The Heart’s Conduction System
Cardiac conduction system
Made up of specialized cells within heart muscle tissue
Carries electrical signals to muscle cells throughout the heart
Signals trigger muscles to contract and pump blood throughout the body

14. The Heart’s Conduction System (cont’d.)
Blood pressure
Systolic
Diastolic
Pulse pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic

15. Systolic and Diastolic BP

16. The Heart’s Conduction System (cont’d.)
Pulse
Rhythmical beating of the heart
Target heart rate
Range of percentages of maximum heart rate safe to reach during exercise

17. Animation – The Heart
Click Here to Play Heart Animation

18. Body Substance Isolation
Protective equipment includes:
Sterile gloves
Protective eyewear
Surgical mask

19. OSHA Guidelines for Infectious Disease Control
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Monitors outbreaks of infections
Advises on how to handle and control disease spread
Standard precautions
Infection-control guidelines
Designed to protect workers from exposure to diseases spread by blood and bodily fluids

20. Animation – Infection Control
Click Here to Play Infection Control Animation

21. Wound Care Principles: Irrigate wound with clean, cool water
Gently wash with mild soap (superficial cuts)
All foreign particles must be removed or infection will result
Minor cuts and abrasions should be washed, dried with a sterile gauze sponge, treated with a first-aid cream, and covered with a sterile bandage

22. Wound Care (cont’d.)
Proper bandaging and dressing of a wound will ensure proper healing and infection control
Two primary types of dressings:
Gauze
Occlusive

23. Bleeding
Three basic types of bleeding: -

24. Shock Circulation system fails to send blood to all parts of the body
Main types:
Hemorrhagic shock
Loss of blood from an injury
Respiratory shock
Lungs are unable to supply enough oxygen to blood

25. Shock (cont’d.) Main types (cont’d.): Neurogenic shock
Loss of vascular control by the nervous system
Cardiogenic shock
Inadequate functioning of the heart
Metabolic shock
Severe loss of bodily fluids
Anaphylactic shock
Severe allergic reaction

26. Shock (cont’d.) Main types (cont’d.): Septic shock Psychogenic shock
Life-threatening reaction to a severe infection
Psychogenic shock
Physiological response to fear, stress, or emotional crisis that causes the person to faint

27. Shock (cont’d.) Signs and symptoms include:
Restlessness and anxiety, weak and rapid pulse, cold and clammy skin, profuse sweating, pale face or cyanotic (blue) around the mouth, shallow respirations, dull eyes with dilated pupils, thirst, nausea and vomiting, blood pressure that falls gradually and steadily, and loss of consciousness

28. Shock (cont’d.) General care and treatment
Critical for the victim’s well-being
Follow general guidelines
Goal is to keep the victim from getting worse
Proper care, and reassuring the victim, will help meet this objective

29. Conclusion
The cardiorespiratory system is responsible for the function of the heart, blood vessels, circulation, and breathing
Anyone working with athletes must take preventive measures for protection against bloodborne pathogens and other diseases

30. Conclusion (cont’d.)
There are three basic types of bleeding: arterial, venous, and capillary
All types require immediate care to prevent shock and infection