1. 19. Toward an Urban Society 1865 -1900

2. What was once Westward migration...... Is now urban migration.

3. Age of steel and glass Produced skyscrapers Produced skyscrapers 1 st metal framed building 1 st metal framed building in Chicago (1885, Home in Chicago (1885, Home Insurance Company Insurance Company Built after the Great Fire Built after the Great Fire of 1871. of 1871. Electricity added elevators Electricity added elevators

4. Mass Transportation

5. Private City vs. Public City Most residents had small town expectations Most residents had small town expectations Build up of waste, pollution, disease, crime Build up of waste, pollution, disease, crime Reformers slowly make changes Reformers slowly make changes Water Purification Sewage System Waste Disposal Street Lighting Zoning Police Departments Fire Departments

6. Tenements and Overcrowding Dumbbell Tenements Dumbbell Tenements Meant to be four apartments each floor Meant to be four apartments each floor Whole families lived in each room Whole families lived in each room

7. Jacob Riis: “How the Other Half Lives” 1890

8. Population Growth: Foreign Immigration 1850 23.2 million 1900 76.2 million 1901 – 1910 8.8 million More Immigrants Immigration 1865- 1900 16.2 million

9. “Pushes” Negative factors from which people are fleeing Poverty resulting from mechanization on farms Poverty resulting from mechanization on farms Overcrowding and joblessness Overcrowding and joblessness Religious persecution of Jews in Russia Religious persecution of Jews in Russia

10. “Pulls” Positive attractions of the adopted country Political and religious freedom Political and religious freedom Economic opportunities Economic opportunities Agriculture in the west Agriculture in the west Industry in the north Industry in the north Cheaper transportation Cheaper transportation

11. “Old” Immigrants Through the 1800s Through the 1800s Northern and Western Europe Northern and Western Europe Great Britain Great Britain Germany Germany Scandinavia Scandinavia Mostly Protestant Mostly Protestant Mostly English speaking Mostly English speaking Easily assimilated Easily assimilated

12. “New” Immigrants 1890s – 1914 1890s – 1914 Southern and Eastern Europe Southern and Eastern Europe Greece Greece Poland Poland Russia Russia Poor and illiterate Poor and illiterate Unaccustomed to democracy Unaccustomed to democracy Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Jewish Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Jewish

13. Statistics

14. Nativist Restrictions Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 Restrictions on “undesirables” Restrictions on “undesirables” Prohibiting contract labor – 1885 Prohibiting contract labor – 1885 Entry tax and rigorous medical and document examinations Entry tax and rigorous medical and document examinations

15. Despite Their Own Backgrounds Looking Backward from Puck Magazine

16. Supporters of Restrictions Labor Unions (Protect Jobs) Labor Unions (Protect Jobs) American Protective Association (nativist) American Protective Association (nativist) Social Darwinists (inferior) Social Darwinists (inferior) Statue of Liberty remains a beacon of hope until the 1920s with the passage of Quota Acts

17. Between 1897 and 1920 Over 1 million African Americans moved from the rural South to large cities in the North and West.

18. Bosses and Political Machines Started as social clubs Started as social clubs Power centers to coordinate businesses, immigrants and underprivileged Power centers to coordinate businesses, immigrants and underprivileged Tammany Hall Tammany Hall Boss (William) Tweed Boss (William) Tweed

19. Positive Effects Brought services to the city Brought services to the city Crude form of welfare Crude form of welfare

20. Negative Effects Often stole millions from their funds Often stole millions from their funds 65% of Tammany Hall’s money wound up in Boss Tweed’s Pocket 65% of Tammany Hall’s money wound up in Boss Tweed’s Pocket

24. Literature of Social Criticism Henry George Henry George Progress and Poverty (1879) Effects of Laissez-faire economics Effects of Laissez-faire economics Inequalities of industrialization Inequalities of industrialization Edward Bellamy Edward Bellamy Looking Backward (2000-1887) Future society Eliminates poverty, greed and crime

25. Settlement Houses Hull House Chicago Chicago Jane Addams Jane Addams

26. Social Gospel Importance of applying Christian principles to social problems Importance of applying Christian principles to social problems Walter Rauschenbusch, New York minister Walter Rauschenbusch, New York minister

27. Families and Women Isolation from extended families Isolation from extended families Divorce rates increase Divorce rates increase Reduction in family size Reduction in family size National American Women’s Suffrage Association National American Women’s Suffrage Association Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton

28. Temperance Women’s Christian Temperance Union Women’s Christian Temperance Union Antisaloon League Antisaloon League Carrie Nation Carrie Nation Society for the Suppression of Vice Society for the Suppression of Vice

29. Public Schools New compulsory laws New compulsory laws Literacy rate grew by 90% Literacy rate grew by 90% Kindergarten Kindergarten Tax-supported public schools Tax-supported public schools

30. Higher Education Land grant colleges as a result of the Morrill Act of 1863 Land grant colleges as a result of the Morrill Act of 1863 Universities founded by wealthy philanthropists Universities founded by wealthy philanthropists New colleges for women (Bryn Mawr, Smith) New colleges for women (Bryn Mawr, Smith) Introduction of elective courses Introduction of elective courses Emphasized research and free inquiry Emphasized research and free inquiry Became more social Became more social

31. Architecture Henry Hobson Richardson Louis Sullivan Daniel Burnham Frederick Law Olmstead

32. New Orleans Jazz Jelly Roll Morton Jelly Roll Morton Buddy Bolden Buddy Bolden Scott Joplin Scott Joplin

33. Newspapers Joseph Pulitzer Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst

34. Amusements Reduction in the hours people work Reduction in the hours people work Improved transportation Improved transportation Promotion and advertising Promotion and advertising Decline in Puritan restrictions Decline in Puritan restrictions

35. Spectator Sports

36. Amateur Sports

37. Victorian Manners and Morals Victorian Morality Strict standards of dress, manners, and sexual behavior. Strict standards of dress, manners, and sexual behavior. Children seen but Children seen but not heard not heard Everyone Everyone completely completely covered. covered.

38. Washington vs. DuBois Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute Founded Tuskegee Institute Believed that African Americans should concentrate on economic freedom first. Believed that African Americans should concentrate on economic freedom first. W.E. B. DuBois First African American to earn doctorate from Harvard First African American to earn doctorate from Harvard Urged training of talented 10% and aim for professions. Urged training of talented 10% and aim for professions.

39. Leaders of the “settlement house” movement tried to a. Help immigrants to learn American history and language b. Reduce school dropouts and regulate child labor c. Create for the city small-town values and community d. All of the above

40. Educational changes in the years 1877 to 1900 did not include a. A decrease in literacy b. Education as a field of university study c. Development of the kindergarten d. Compulsory school attendance in all states. e. Higher education for women

41. Who was the most important “city boss” of the day? a. Louis Sullivan b. William Tweed c. “Honest” John Kelly d. Ira B. Sankey e. E. Henry George

42. Victorian morality a. Focused exclusively on women b. Emphasized strict codes of behavior c. Was unconcerned with sexuality d. Encouraged comfortable clothing for women e. Stressed childhood as a particular time in life.

43. W.E.B. DuBois Fully supported Washington. Fully supported Washington. Was a white segregationist. Was a white segregationist. Worked for immigration reform. Worked for immigration reform. Wanted blacks to pursue higher education and political equality. Wanted blacks to pursue higher education and political equality. Worked against the women’s suffrage movement. Worked against the women’s suffrage movement.

44. Two major forces which reshaped American society between 1870 and 1920 a. Environmentalism and women’s rights b. Women’s rights and urbanization c. Urbanization and industrialization d. Immigration and temperance e. Temperance and women’s rights