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2. Question 1 Early prospectors would extract shallow deposits of ore by what? Placer mining

3. Question 2 After ore deposits near the surface dwindled, mining corporations began using what type of mining? Quartz mining

4. Question 3 What type of Union was the Iron Molders’ International Union? Trade union

5. Question 4 What phrase means “ let people do as they choose”? Laissez-faire

6. Question 5 People using the phrase “Pikes Peak or Bust” were what? Gold miners

7. Question 6 What manages property for others? Trust

8. Question 7 Why was petroleum in high demand before the invention of the automobile? It could be turned into kerosene

9. Question 8 Huge ranches that covered thousands of acres were called what? Haciendas

10. Question 9 What does laissez-faire rely on to regulate prices and wages? Free market

11. Question 10 Supporters of laissez-faire believed the government should interfere in the economy only to do what? Protect property and maintain peace

12. Question 11 What describes the historical significance of vaqueros? They taught their trade to American cowboys

13. Question 12 Measurements taken of Union soldiers during the Civil War led to the development of what? Ready-made clothes

14. Question 13 In the early 1800s, Americans did not think cattle ranches on the Great Plains were practical because why? Eastern cattle could not survive on tough prairie grasses

15. Question 14 What act began the railroad boom? Pacific Railroad Act

16. Question 15 In the late 1800s, workers buying power generally increased because why? Prices fell faster than wages

17. Question 16 What type of Union was the Knights of Labor? Industrial union

18. Question 17 A steel company that owns the coal mines, limestone quarries, and iron ore fields it depends on is an example of what? Vertical integration

19. Question 18 What machine changed bobbins without stopping? Automatic loom

20. Question 19 What did corporations hope to achieve with the purchase of new machines? Economies of scale

21. Question 20 The Chisholm Trail was a trail that did what? Cowboys used to drive cattle to a railroad line

22. Question 21 At first, ranchers saw barbed wire as a threat because it did what? Kept their herds from roaming freely

23. Question 22 What was a hardship faced by settlers on the Great Plains? Prairie fires

24. Question 23 How did railroad companies raise most of the money that was needed to build the railroad? Selling government land grants

25. Question 24 One approach to farming on the Great Plains was “dry farming” in which farmers did what? Planted seeds deep in the ground

26. Question 25 Before the Sand Creek Massacre, the Cheyenne had come to Fort Lyon to do what? Negotiate

27. Question 26 What country did rail workers that Central Pacific Railroad hire come from? China

28. Question 27 The Homestead Act gave land to homesteaders if they did what for 5 years? Lived on the land

29. Question 28 What owns stock in companies that produce goods? Holding company

30. Question 29 Large landholders on the Great Plains were able to Invest in the tools they needed

31. Question 30 Why did the government offer each railroad company land along its right-of-way? Encourage rapid construction of the tracks

32. Question 31 What invention enabled longer and heavier trains? Air brakes

33. Question 32 The fencing of the open range resulted in what? The end of cattle drives

34. Question 33 The Dawes Act attempted to help Native Americans by doing what? Giving them land for farming

35. Question 34 Economies of scale resulted in what? Lower costs and increased production

36. Question 35 The confrontation at Wounded Knee occurred because the chief’s followers did what? Performed a ritual

37. Question 36 In the 1890s, when a glut of wheat on the world market caused prices to drop, some farmers tried to survive how? Mortgaging their land

38. Question 37 What type of costs are wages, shipping charges, and supplies? Operating costs

39. Question 38 What did members of Congress think tariffs were necessary during the early day of industrialization? Protect new industries from foreign competition

40. Question 39 What type of costs are loans, mortgages, and taxes? Fixed costs

41. Question 40 Why did the army encourage the killing of the buffalo? Force Native Americans on reservations

42. Question 41 The Comstock Lode was a rich deposit of what? Silver

43. Question 42 Many of the first miners in the Colorado mountains did not find any minerals because why? The minerals were buried too deep