1. Rotation and Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Chapter 7

2. Our friend Jupiter Jupiter rotates once every 10 hours
Of course Earth only rotates once every 24 hours
How would we calculate the speed of a rotating object?

3. Objects in circular motion have a tangential speed
What is tangential speed?
Tangential speed is the instantaneous linear speed of any point rotating about an axis
r is radius of circle
T is period (length of time for one rotation)

4. So…how do we use that?
Let’s find the tangential speed of a point along Jupiter’s equator. What information do we need?
Jupiter’s Radius at the equator: 7.15 x 107 m
The time for one rotation: 10 hours= s

5. Jupiter’s Speed at the Poles
Jupiter is not a solid sphere, so the radius at the equator is not the same as the radius at the poles.
Jupiter’s Radius at the Poles: 6.69 x 107 m
Time of rotation: 10 hours = s
That’s a difference of 1,792 mph!

6. Compare that to Earth Earth’s equatorial radius: 6.378 x 106 m
Earth’s rotational period: 24 hrs = 86,400s
Earth’s radius at the poles: x 106 m
Earth’s rotational period: 24 hrs= 86,400 s

7. Does an object undergoing circular motion always have the same tangential velocity?
Direction of velocity: Right A D C B
Direction of velocity: Up
Direction of velocity: Left
Direction of velocity: Down

8. To clarify things…
Points that are the same distance from the center (i.e. that have the same radius) have the same tangential speed but not the same tangential velocity!

9. If velocity is changing then…
A change in velocity = ACCELERATION
Therefore, objects that are undergoing circular motion must be accelerating!

10. Sample Problem p.258 #2
A young boy swings a yo-yo horizontally above his head so that the yo-yo has a centripetal acceleration of 250 m/s2.If the yo-yo’s string is 0.50 m long, what is the yo-yo’s tangential velocity?

11. What do we have? ac= 250 m/s2 r = 0.5 m
Rearrange the equation and solve:

12. Follow up question
How long does it take for the yo-yo to complete one revolution?
In other words, what is the period?
Rearrange the tangential speed equation to solve for T

13. Another follow up question!
How many rotations per second does the yo-yo make?
In other words, what is the frequency?

14. What causes an acceleration?
A NET FORCE applied to an object causes it to accelerate
Consequently, since an object that undergoes circular motion is accelerating, there must be a force that causes it to do so

15. Centripetal Force
Remember Newton’s Second Law says F=ma
Therefore

16. Centripetal Force
Centripetal Force is the force that maintains circular motion
IT IS ALWAYS POINTED TOWARD THE CENTER OF THE CIRCLE

17. Sample Problem p.261 #2
A bicyclist is riding at a tangential speed of 13.2 m/s around a circular track with a radius of 40.0 m. If the magnitude of the force that maintains the bike’s circular motion is 377 N, what is the combined mass of the bicycle and rider?

18. What do we know? Vt= 13.2 m/s r = 40m Fc= 377 N m = ?
Rearrange the equation to solve for m.

19. Gravity!
We all know that the gravitational force is the mutual force of attraction between particles of matter
Credit & Copyright: Robert Gendler

20. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Every object in the Universe exerts a gravitational force on every other object in the universe
If that’s true, why aren’t things always flying together?

21. Gravitational Lensing

22. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Fg is the gravitational force
G is a constant
m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects
r is the distance between the objects

23. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
The law of universal gravitation is an inverse-square law
The force between two masses decreases as the distance between them increases
The gravitational force between two objects is proportional to the product of the objects’ masses

24. Sample Problem (not in book)
The average distance between the Sun and the Earth is 1.5 x 1011 m (93 million miles). The average distance between the Sun and Pluto is 5.9 x 1012 m (3.66 x 109 miles). The mass of the Sun is 1.99 x 1030 kg, the mass of the Earth is 5.98 x 1024 kg and the mass of Pluto is 1.31 x 1022 kg. Find the gravitational force between the Sun and the Earth, the gravitational force between the Sun and Pluto and the gravitational force between the Earth and Pluto.

25. Force between the Sun and the Earth

26. Force between the Sun and Pluto

27. Force between Pluto and Earth

28. Calculating g
We’ve been using the value for acceleration due to gravity all year without knowing where it comes from.
Now is the time to find out!

29. Calculating g
Let’s say we want to know the gravitational force between the Earth and a person standing on the surface of the Earth.

30. What do we know Mass of the person = mp Mass of the Earth= ME
RE= radius of Earth
Note that for problems like this we pretend like all the mass of the Earth is at its center. Therefore the distance between the two objects is equal to the radius of the Earth.

31. Relationship between weight and Fg
We know that an object’s weight is equal to the gravitational force acting on it from the Earth
Therefore Fg=mpg

32. Calculating g Using Newton’s law of gravitation Fg = mg becomes:
So the expression for g is

33. Plug in numbers

34. It works for all spherical bodies

35. Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on Pluto