1. 1500-1780

2. Causes of Scientific Revolution Causes of Scientific Revolution – Renaissance emphasis on people understanding world around them – Reformation attacks on authority provided example on how to challenge traditional authority Scientific Thought prior to 1500 Scientific Thought prior to 1500 – Based on ideas of Aristotle & Ptolemy; supported by Catholic Church Geocentric theory Geocentric theory World made up of 4 elements- earth, air, fire, & water World made up of 4 elements- earth, air, fire, & water

3. Geocentric theory shattered by Nicolaus Copernicus Geocentric theory shattered by Nicolaus Copernicus – Published On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres (1543); explains the heliocentic theory

4. Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe – Set stage for modern astronomy; built an observatory; observed heavens for 20 years, collecting data Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler – Studied planetary motion Developed 3 laws of planetary motion & idea that planets traveled in elliptical orbits; demolished the ideas of Aristotle & Ptolemy Developed 3 laws of planetary motion & idea that planets traveled in elliptical orbits; demolished the ideas of Aristotle & Ptolemy

5. Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei – Used observation to form ideas; establishes experimentation as cornerstone of science – Used telescope to discover moons of Jupiter, mountainous surface of moon, sun spots, rings of Saturn – Observations supported Copernicus – Arrested, imprisoned, & tried for heresy by Catholic Church; forced to publicly recant his views

6. Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton – Greatest figure of Scientific Revolution; united ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, & Galileo – Developed law of universal gravitation; explains how planets revolve around the sun

7. Work of Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes led to the creation of scientific method Consequences of Scientific Revolution –E–E–E–Emergence of professional scientific community –B–B–B–Beginning of the Age of Reason- led to the Enlightenment Scientific Revolution had little effect on daily life before 1800s; was primarily an intellectual revolution

8. Definition Definition – Immanuel Kant- “ emergence from self-imposed nonage. Have the courage to use your own understanding! ” Philosophes were the thinkers of the Enlightenment Philosophes were the thinkers of the Enlightenment – Wanted to educate economic & social elite – Used satire & double meaning to spread ideas & keep books from being banned/burned

9. Enlightenment philosophes Enlightenment philosophes – Thomas Hobbes Wrote Leviathan (1651) Wrote Leviathan (1651) – Believed all humans in state of nature were unhappy; life was constant warfare – Supported an absolute monarchy; would provide order & security; rebellion was not tolerated & could be put down by any means possible

10. Enlightenment philosophes Enlightenment philosophes – John Locke Wrote Two Treatises on Government (1690) Wrote Two Treatises on Government (1690) – Believed that man was basically good & has natural rights (life, liberty & property) – Governments are created by consent of the governed to protect natural rights & are limited to protect those rights; if rights are violated, people have a right/duty rebel & establish a new government Ideas influenced American Founding Fathers Ideas influenced American Founding Fathers

11. Enlightenment philosophes –B–B–B–Baron de Montesquieu Wrote Spirit of Laws (1748) –B–B–B–Believed in separation of power into 3 branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial) & checks & balances Ideas influenced US Founding Fathers

12. Enlightenment philosophes Enlightenment philosophes – Voltaire Wrote Candide Wrote Candide – Best we can hope is to “ tend our own garden ” Spoke out against organized religion ; supported freedom of speech, religious freedom, & freedom of the press Spoke out against organized religion ; supported freedom of speech, religious freedom, & freedom of the press

13. Enlightenment philosophes Enlightenment philosophes – Beccaria Austrian; wrote On Crimes and Punishment (1764) Austrian; wrote On Crimes and Punishment (1764) –“ It is better to prevent crimes rather than punish them. ” – Wanted standard procedures to govern criminal trials; rich & poor “ equal under the law ” –“ Innocent until proven guilty ” – Base punishment for crime damage to society – Rejected torture & death penalty Ideas implemented by US Founding Fathers Ideas implemented by US Founding Fathers

14. Enlightenment philosophes –R–R–R–Rousseau Supported individual freedom (IF it didn’t threaten state) Believed rational thought & civilization destroyed liberty; placed greater emphasis on feeling & emotion Wrote The Social Contract (1762) –P–P–P–People surrender their natural rights to the community & the general will

15. Enlightened economics Enlightened economics – Adam Smith Wrote Wealth of Nations (1776); explained laissez-faire economics; government should only intervene when needed Wrote Wealth of Nations (1776); explained laissez-faire economics; government should only intervene when needed – People should be left alone to pursue their own economic interests –“ Invisible hand ” of supply, demand, & competition would ensure people act in best interest of everyone – Supported division of labor