1. Artificial Tissue and Organ Generation Valerie Fortin BME 281

2. Organ Transplants Autografts  Transplanted within a patient Surplus, nonvital, or regenerating tissue e.g. skin grafts Allografts  Transplanted from a separate living or deceased donor Isographs  Transplant from genetically identical individual e.g. twins

3. Types of Donations Organs  Heart  Liver  Kidneys  Lungs  Pancreas  Intestines Tissues Cornea Skin Heart Valves Tendons

4. Problems Availability  In 2012, 28,051 people received organs  On average, 79 people receive organs daily, but 18 people die due to shortage Rejection  In allografts, donor tissue differs genetically  Triggers an immune response

5. Ethical Concerns Organ donation has caused some controversy  WHO has released guiding principles May only harvest from deceased persons with legal permission OR “ there is no reason to believe that the deceased person objected to such removal”  Opt Out system “In general living donors should be genetically, legally or emotionally related to their recipients.“ Donors cannot be monetarily compensated  Concerns of trafficking and profiteering Organs or tissues which were obtained through coercion or exploitation should not be used

6. Regenerative Medicine Uses a patient's own cells to restore Includes use of stem cells Can grow tissues and organs on sterile scaffold

7. Scaffolds Artificial structure  Cells are “seeded” onto it  Which then grow to form the desired tissue Materials  Biodegradable preferred  Collagen, polyesters  Polylactic acid Degrades into lactic acid Polyglycolic and polycaprolactone for differing degradation speeds

8. Scaffolds (cont.) Can also decellularize extracted tissue samples  Sterilized cellular matrices act as scaffold Vascular graft

9. Scaffolds (cont.) Rat heart grown around a decellularized scaffold

10. Benefits All genetic material supplied by patient  Eliminates potential for rejection  Bypasses need for donor No wait list No compatibility issues No moral qualms

11. Drawbacks Currently limited  Can only produce simple hollow structures Few cell layers Stomach, bladder, blood vessels Solid organs are more complex New procedure  Doubts that grown organs are as durable or effective as donated ones Will be expensive

12. Future Practice will become more widespread, commonplace  Be able to better assess quality of grown organs Develop means of synthesizing more complex structures

13. Citation Heike Mertsching, Thorsten Walles, Michael Hofmann, Johanna Schanz, Wolfram H. Knapp, Engineering of a vascularized scaffold for artificial tissue and organ generation, Biomaterials, Volume 26, Issue 33, November 2005, Pages 6610-6617, ISSN 0142-9612, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.048. "All About Donation." What Organs Can Be Donated. New York Organ Donor Network, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.. "Human Cell and Tissue Transplantation." WHO. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.. “Human organ and tissue transplantation.” World Health Organization 26 Mar. 2009. Neck, Haddam. "Doctors Grow Organs from Patients' Own Cells." CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.. "The Need Is Real: Data." Organdonor.gov. Division of Transplantation, n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.. NOONAN, DR. JESSICA. "Lab-Grown 'Custom' Organs May Be Future of Medicine." ABC News. ABC News Network, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013..