1. Completing the Convergence Puzzle: A Survey and A Roadmap IEEE Wireless Communications ‧ June 2009 DJAMAL-EDDINE MEDDOUR, USMAN JAVAID, AND NICOLAS BIHANNIC, ORANGE LABS TINKU RASHEED, CREATE-NET RESEARCH CENTER RAOUF BOUTABA, WATERLOO UNIVERSITY 698430005 蔡維倫

2. Outline Introduction Convergence Existing Solutions Comparison Possible Timeframe Conclution

3. Introduction This article surveys different technologies which offer seamless handover and converged access to mobile voice, video, and data services

4. Home Network Convergence The user can access different types of services from the same terminal A service is available on more than one handsets Diverse communication technologies are expected within the home network sphere

5. Home Network Convergence Mainly : Home Gateway ◦ Local data exchange ◦ Interconnection to service platforms SIP(Session Initiation Protocol) and IMS(IP Multimedia Subsystem)

6. Access Network Convergence Transport layer ◦ The reduction in operational expenditure(OPEX) cost  Aggregate mobile access nodes into a backhaul network shared with a fixed access network  The use of a shared infrastructure for heterogeneous access solutions Service control layer ◦ Allows to the same service irrespective of the access network infrastructure

7. Core Network Convergence IMS ◦ Mobile access network  3GPP (3G Partnership Program) ◦ Fixed broadband access network  TISPAN (Telecommunications and Internet Converged Services and Protocols for Advanced Networks) of ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)  ITU (International Telecommunications Union) of NGN GSI (Next Generation Networks Global Standard Initiative)

8. Core Network Convergence The IMS is a core network infrastructure to control user sessions for the following services: ◦ Conversational services : voice and video ◦ Real-time data-oriented services : instant messaging and presence ◦ Audio-visual services

9. Core Network Convergence Benefits expected by the operator deploying an IMS infrastructure ◦ To use a common functional infrastructure for services control ◦ Allows the operator to better control resources, especially significant in the mobile domain for packet switching services ◦ Service triggering toward application servers in accordance with user service profiles ◦ Solution for PSTN (public switched telephone network) renewal and expectations of OPEX/CAPEX (capital expenditure) reductions

10. Application Server Level Convergence To offer differentiated QoS Consider it as a standalone convergence for Web players ◦ Allows the operator to set policy on Qos an charge for services accordingly

11. Existing Solution Toward Seamless Convergence WLAN (wireless local area network) ◦ High data rates to mobile users ◦ Low network deployment cost UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) ◦ BSs in UMTS offer larger cells ◦ Provides nearly worldwide coverage UMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access) I-WLAN (Interworking WLAN) MIH (media-independent handover)

12. UMA Access network level Currently endorsed by the 3GPP under GAN (generic access network) Offer call continuity from a GAN-capable terminal between local area network and the GSM infrastructure

13. UMA Gb interface : 3GPP defined PSTN (public switched telephone network)

14. UMA Recent evolution : EGAN (enhanced GAN) ◦ Spec. TR 43.902 ◦ Gb  Gn ◦ Allow GANC (GAN controller) to interconnect directly with GGSN (GPRS gateway service node) ◦ Interface between GAN terminal and GANC : IPSec tunnel  Strong security requirement  piggyback

15. I-WLAN 3GPP standard Between a WLAN access network and the 3GPP core network Architecture (release 6) ◦ WAG (wireless access gateway) ◦ PDG (packet data gateway) ◦ AAA server

16. I-WLAN WAG ◦ Data from UE through fixed Ans are aggregated at the WAG ◦ Route packets toward the home domain PDG ◦ A gateway toward external PDNs (packet data networks) AAA server ◦ Interacts with PDG to perform service-level AAA functions

17. I-WLAN protocols Remote IP layer ◦ Route packets between UE and PDN Tunneling layer ◦ Tunneling header ◦ Encapsulate remote IP layer packets ◦ Decrypt the IP packets Transport IP layer ◦ Transport remote IP layer packets encapsulated into IPSec tunnel

18. I-WLAN Evolution SAE (System Architecture Evolution) ◦ Support seamless mobility between heterogeneous access networks ◦ Mobility is under study for I-WLAN in release 8 and is based on MIP ◦ DSMIPv6

19. MIH Defined : IEEE802.21 working group ◦ Defines a framework to support information exchange that facilitates mobility decisions ◦ Support transparent service continuity ◦ Considered both wired and wireless technologies

20. MIH MIES 、 MICS 、 MIIS

21. Comparison

22. Possible Timeframe

23. Conclusion Massive interest ◦ WiFi  High data rates at low cost  Do not guarantee seamless coverage, especially with high mobility ◦ Bluetooth  Supports low data rates (compared with hotspot technologies)  Saves in power ◦ GSM/GPRS and UMTS  Wide area coverage and support high mobility  High cost