1. Communications in SG? Bong Jun (David) Choi BBCR, ECE, University of Waterloo 2012-02-02, 3:00 PM, EIT 4152 BBCR Smart Grid Subgroup Meeting Presentation

2. References Main Reference – Faycal Bouhafs, Michael Mackagy, and Madjid Merabti, “Communication Requirements and Challenges in the Smart Grid,” IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, Jan./Feb. 2012. In Brief – M. Shahraeini, M. Hossein Javidi, and M. S. Ghazizadeh, "Comparison Between Communication Infrastructures of Centralized and Decentralized Wide Area Measurement Systems," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 2, No. 1, Mar. 2011. – V. C. Gungor, D. Sahin, T. Kocak, S. Ergut, C. Buccella, C. Cecati, and G. P. Hancke, "Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and Standards," IEEE Trans. Industrial Informatics, Vol. 7, No. 4, Nov. 2011 – “Communication Requirements of Smart Grid Technologies," US Department of Energy, Oct. 5, 2010, http://www.greendmv.org/reports/Smart_Grid_Communications_ Requirements_Report.pdf 2

3. In Today’s Talk Smart Grid Architecture Where does communication play role? What are the challenges? Available communication technologies Communication requirements 3

4. What is SG Smart Grid – Modernizing the current electricity grid by introducing a new set of technologies and services – Reliable, efficient, secure, environmentally friendly Two-way flow of – Electricity – Information 4 Distributed generation PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles) AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) HEM (Home Energy Management)

5. Why we need communication in SG? Where does the communication come into play in the SG? – Deliver real-time information to balance power supply and demand SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) System – Star topology – Between control center and substations – Aims: fault detection, manage generation and demand Voltages, temperature, circuit breaker status – Limitation: penetration, scalability, performance 5

6. How to Support communication in SG? Important to understand requirements of the new communication infra. to support SG – Distributed Generation (DG) Integration into SG, communication – AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) Benefits, communication – HEM (Home Energy Management) Components, HAN – PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles) Communication if to be adopted on a large scale 6

7. 1. DG Energy Waste in the Centralized Power Grid – In the form of heat during electricity transmission – due to resistance in the wires – 7% on average – Solution: High voltage reduces transmission loss 7

8. 1. DG DERs: Distributed Energy Resources – Supply electricity to particular area when they are isolated due to failures (open B1, close B2) – Energy source closer to the consumer than the centralized power grid  increase reliability, reduce transmission cost 8

9. 1. DG Challenges – Bi-directional electricity flow – Lower voltage from DGs – Need to actively adapt to changes in power flow 9 Sensors: detect faults, breaker status, flow directions, power magnitude, etc..

10. 1. DG Centralized  Distributed (“Microgrids”) – Interconnection of DGs – Communication Challenge: collaboration, larger transmission bandwidth 10 Autonomous intelligent controllers mange microgrids + collaboration between controllers Autonomous intelligent controllers mange microgrids + collaboration between controllers

11. 2. AMI 2-Way – Collect consumption data – Provide load profile, demand, price, etc. 11

12. 2. AMI Advantages – System Operator: Eliminate manual jobs (reading, connection, power outage/restoration management – Customer: alert customers of electricity price to encourage energy conservation during peak periods Controlling appliances via home energy management gateway 12

13. 2. AMI Hierarchical Structure – Smart Meters -- NAN (Neighborhood Area Network) -- WAN -- Operator 13

14. 3. HEM Centralized management of electricity within a household – Data collection (Sensors) -- Transport (HAN) – Control (EMU) 14 1.Gateway 2.EMU (Energy Management Unit) 3.Sensors + HAN for integration (connection) 1.Gateway 2.EMU (Energy Management Unit) 3.Sensors + HAN for integration (connection)

15. 4. PHEV Current Research – Vehicle charging behavior Future – Interaction with the power grid to accommodate a large number of PHEVs – Voltage instabilities 15 Monitored by “Intelligent EMS”

16. Communication Challenges: Architecture Centralized to Distributed Communication – Distributed (electricity, information) – + Active – + Flexibility (Adaptive / not hard-wired) – + Groups 16

17. Communication Challenges: Data Data Integration and Network Management – Convert raw data into useful data – Large bandwidth (increase in amount and type of data) – Transportation of data (optical/wireless) – What is the most cost effective and reliable method of data exchange Provision of Computing Power – To support dynamic analysis of data On-demand, large volume – Data protection and security is important 17

18. Communication Challenges: Technology The Last Mile – Relaxed performance reliability communication requirements vs. backbone – Broader range of available technology PLC, Wi-Fi, DSL, Cellular HANs for Appliance Energy Management – Options: both wireless and wired Wi-Fi, PCL, IEEE.802.15.4, etc… – Challenges: 1.Interworking of the various technologies to provide required end-to-end performance 2.Increasing number of involved devices  interference, congestion 3.Cross-layer optimization for heterogonous mixture of links and protocols stacks 18

19. Communication Challenges: Performance A Simple, Scalable, and Efficient System – Deployment cost, maintenance cost Secure, Robust, and Reliable Communication – Internet? Strong security measures from attacks 19

20. Conclusion New communication architecture is needed to support SG services and control operations – Recent progresses in communication technologies should be exploited – Requires reliable, scalable, and extendable SG 20

21. Centralized vs. Decentralized Design communication infrastructure HSE (Hybrid State Estimation) Investigate latency and reliability Design communication networks with minimum lengths 21 M. Shahraeini, M. Hossein Javidi, and M. S. Ghazizadeh, "Comparison Between Communication Infrastructures of Centralized and Decentralized Wide Area Measurement Systems," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 2, No. 1, Mar. 2011.

22. Centralized vs. Decentralized CCC (Central Control Center) vs. ACC (Area Control Center) – ACC similar to CCC + share information with other ACCs 22

23. Centralized vs. Decentralized Find MST (Minimum Spanning Tree) for both cases Compare performances (latency, reliability, and cost) – NoR (number of routers) – NoM (length of media = network hops) 23

24. Centralized vs. Decentralized Latency Reliability Cost – Active device, passive components (wires, etc..) 24

25. Centralized vs. Decentralized Solution Approach – Step 1: Find the minimum spanning tree for each device within the area – Step 2: Location of the control center for the area is determined [1] – For Decentralized: repeat steps viewing each area as a device [1] I. Cahit and R. Cahit, "Structural reliability of centralized tree network," IET Electron. Lett., vol. 9, no. 26, pp. 621–622, Dec. 1973 25

26. Centralized vs. Decentralized Conclusion – Decentralized provides better latency and reliability – Similar cost (investment) for both Centralized and Decentralized 26

27. Wired vs. Wireless Each have their own advantages and disadvantages V. C. Gungor, D. Sahin, T. Kocak, S. Ergut, C. Buccella, C. Cecati, and G. P. Hancke, "Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and Standards," IEEE Trans. Industrial Informatics, Vol. 7, No. 4, Nov. 2011 27 Wireless Technology Wired Technology

28. Wired vs. Wireless Multiple technologies 28 PLC, Low Cost Wireless (Zigbee, WLAN) Cellular, Internet

29. SG Communication Requirements 1.Security – Grid control, personal info 2.System Reliability, Robustness, Availability – Harness modern information communication technology – Faster more robust control devices – Embedded intelligent devices – Tradeoff between wired and wireless 3.Scalability – Large number of devices – Different types of devices 29

30. SG Communication Requirements 4.QoS (Quality of Service) Metric: Delay, jitter, outage probability Methods: – Routing mechanisms (geographic) – Forecasting load variations [1] – Multihop routing using PLC [2][3][4] – Smart monitoring using sensors (low power and lossy environment).. [5][6] “Show performance in SG scenario, but not so different from existing mechanisms.” [1] R. Bo and F. Li, “Probabilistic LMP forecasting considering load uncertainty,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, pp. 1279–1289, Aug. 2009. [2] G. Bumiller, "Single frequency network technology for fast ad hoc communication networks over power lines," WiKu- Wissenschaftsverlag Dr. Stein 2010. [3] G. Bumiller, L. Lampe, and H. Hrasnica, "Power line communications for large-scale control and automation systems," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 106–113, Apr. 2010. [4] M. Biagi and L. Lampe, "Location assisted routing techniques for power line communication in smart grids," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Grid Commun., 2010, pp. 274–278. [5] N. Bressan, L. Bazzaco, N. Bui, P. Casari, L. Vangelista, and M. Zorzi, "The deployment of a smart monitoring system using wireless sensors and actuators networks," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Grid Commun. (SmartGridComm), 2010, pp. 49–54. [6] S. Dawson-Haggerty, A. Tavakoli, and D. Culler, "Hydro: A hybrid routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Grid Commun. (SmartGridComm), 2010, pp. 268–273. 30

31. [1] “Communication Requirements of Smart Grid Technologies," US Department of Energy, Oct. 5, 2010, http://www.greendmv.org/reports/Smart_Grid_Communications_Requirements_Report.pdf (GOOD REFERENCE) http://www.greendmv.org/reports/Smart_Grid_Communications_Requirements_Report.pdf 31 Most stringent Least stringent 2 nd Least stringent

32. Conclusion The SG architecture is gradually becoming more structured Research Goal – Smart Grid: industry and standardization effort – Smarter Grid* Research Approach – Application / Theoretical? – Adopting + Testing existing technology on SG  Unique problem to SG – Integration of devices? Wireless Communication Technology – Convenient  Critical 32