1. 111304 – SOLID MECHANICS S.ARAVINDAN Lecturer Department of Aeronautical Engineering Rajalakshmi Engineering College 1

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3. S TRESS Stress is the ratio of applied force F and cross section A, defined as "force per area". Direct Stress or Normal Stress Stress normal to the plane is usually denoted "normal stress" and can be expressed as σ = F n / A (1) where σ = normal stress ((Pa) N/m 2, psi) F n = normal component force (N, lb f ) A = area (m 2, in 2 ) Shear Stress Stress parallel to the plane is usually denoted "shear stress" and can be expressed as τ = F p / A (2) where τ = shear stress ((Pa) N/m 2, psi) F p = parallel component force (N, lb f ) A = area (m 2, in 2 ) 3

4. Strain  Strain is defined as "deformation of a solid due to stress" and can be expressed as  ε = dl / l o = σ / E (3)  where  dl = change of length (m, in)  l o = initial length (m, in)  ε = unitless measure of engineering strain  E = Young's modulus (Modulus of Elasticity) (Pa, psi)Young's modulus 4

5.  Hooke's Law - Modulus of Elasticity (Young's Modulus or Tensile Modulus)  Most metals have deformations that are proportional with the imposed loads over a range of loads. Stress is proportional to load and strain is proportional to deformation expressed by the Hooke's law like  E = stress / strain = (F n / A) / (dl / l o ) (4)  where  E = Young's modulus (N/m 2 ) (lb/in 2, psi)  Modulus of Elasticity or Young's Modulus are commonly used for metals and metal alloys and expressed in terms 10 6 lb f /in 2, N/m 2 or Pa. Tensile modulus are often used for plastics and expressed in terms 10 5 lb f /in 2 or GPa. 5

6. Poisson's Ratio υ = - ε t / ε l where υ = Poisson's ratio ε t = transverse strain ε l = longitudinal or axial strain Strain can be expressed as ε = dl/L where dl = change in length L = initial length For most common materials the Poisson's ratio is in the range 0 - 0.5. 6

7. 7 Elasticity Elasticity is a property of an object or material which will restore it to its original shape after distortion. A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it exerts a restoring force which tends to bring it back to its original length. This restoring force is in general proportional to the stretch described by Hooke's Law. Hooke's Law One of the properties of elasticity is that it takes about twice as much force to stretch a spring twice as far. That linear dependence of displacement upon stretching force is called Hooke's law which can be expressed as F s = -k dL (4) where F s = force in the spring (N) k = spring constant (N/m) dL = elongation of the spring (m) Yield strength Yield strength, or the yield point, is defined in engineering as the amount of stress that a material can undergo before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation. Ultimate Tensile Strength The Ultimate Tensile Strength - UTS - of a material is the limit stress at which the material actually breaks, with sudden release of the stored elastic energy.

8. Modulus of Rigidity (or Shear Modulus) is the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing force. It is defined as "the ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample length (shear strain)". Modulus of Rigidity can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of the material. Definition of Modulus of Rigidity: The ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample length (shear strain) 8

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26. 26 T HERMAL S TRESS Mechanical stress induced in a body when some or all of its parts are not free to expand or contract in response to changes in temperature. In most continuous bodies, thermal expansion or contraction cannot occur freely in all directions because of geometry, external constraints, or the existence of temperature gradients, and so stresses are produced. Such stresses caused by a temperature change are known as thermal stresses. Problems of thermal stress arise in many practical design problems, such as those encountered in the design of steam and gas turbines, diesel engines, jet engines, rocket motors, and nuclear reactors. The high aerodynamic heating rates associated with high- speed flight present even more severe thermal-stress problems for the design of spacecraft and missiles.

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