1. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1 Policing: History and Structure CHAPTER 5

2. 2 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Historical Development of the Police

3. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 3 Much of early American policing was based on the British model. English law enforcement started around 1200. At that time:  All able-bodied men responded to cries for help by joining together in a posse to search for the suspect.  Posses were either led by the shire reeve (county leader) or one of the few the comites stabuli (mounted officers).  Guilt of suspect was usually assumed. English Roots

4. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 4 In English towns and cities, law enforcement initially relied on watchman, who performed night watch.  They would watch for fires and thieves and rouse up people when something was spotted. English Roots

5. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 5 The Statute of Winchester codified modern police practices. The statute established a:  Watch and ward system  Draft of men to serve as watchmen  Formal hue and cry system in which citizens who did not respond to cries for help could be punished  Mandate that all homes contain a weapon, for use in responding to cries English Roots

6. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 6 The emergence of gin is said to have fueled the creation of a formal law enforcement.  Gin was potent, inexpensive, and readily available.  Binge drinking, rioting, and crime became a problem.  The British government needed to come up with a better system of policing, as people could no longer be counted on to perform watch duties. English Roots

7. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 7 Bow Street Runners In 1750, Sir Henry Fielding became magistrate of London’s Bow Street region.  He attracted a number of dedicated men to serve as officers, patrolling streets and highways leading to London.  They became known as the Bow Street Runners.

8. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 8 The New Police: London Metropolitan Police In 1829, Sir Robert Peel established what is now considered the world's first modern police force.  1,000 officers called bobbies made up this force of new police, which:  was uniformed  was structured along military lines  became a model for police forces worldwide

9. 9 2009 Pearson Education, Inc American Policing

10. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 10 The Early American Experience Early American law enforcement was based on England’s experience yet unique to the reality of colonialism and expansionism.  Police were decentralized and dispersed from the start.

11. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 11 The Frontier The frontier was home to many outlaws.  Frontier lands lacked established police forces, so many settlers took to vigilantism.

12. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 12 The Early Cities Larger cities had small-scale, organized police forces early on.  Many were keeping a close eye on the performance of the Metropolitan Police of London.

13. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 13 The 20 th Century The 20th Century saw great social change and law enforcement reform.  1902—International Association of Chiefs of Police formed.  1910—The first policewoman hired (in Los Angeles).  1915—Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) established.  1915—25 cities employed policewomen  Inventions like the telephone, automobiles, and radios impacted police…

14. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 14 Prohibition and Police Corruption Prohibition—a “dark period” for law enforcement. During this era,  There was a lot of crime in support of the sale of “bootlegged” liquor.  Organized crime grew.  Corruption flourished as some police officers were accepting “payoffs” to look away.  The Wickersham Commission eventually recognized that Prohibition was unenforceable and contributed to corruption.

15. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 15 The Last Half of the 20 th Century The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great cultural change. During this time:  The U.S. Supreme Court enumerated many individual rights for suspects.  Police operations were scrutinized.  The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) was formed.  The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals issued strategies for improving law enforcement.

16. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 16 Evidence-Based Policing The LEAA dedicated a lot of money to preventing and reducing crime.  The LEAA spent $8 billion.  The LEAA was abolished in 1982, as crime rates continued to grow.  The LEAA started a tradition of scientific police management—applying social science techniques to the study of police administrating in order to:  Increase effectiveness  Reduce citizen complaints  Enhance efficiency

17. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 17 Exemplary Projects The LEAA’s Exemplary Projects Program recognized outstanding innovative efforts to combat crime and to provide victims with assistances.  Exemplary Projects served as examples to other police departments.  Examples:  Street Crimes Unit (NYC)  The Hidden Cameras Project (Seattle)  The Kansas City Experiment

18. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 18 The Kansas City Experiment The Kansas City Experiment tested the use of preventive patrol on crime rates and citizens’ fear of crime. The experiment revealed that:  Crime rates were not impacted by preventive patrol.  Preventive patrol does not impact fear of crime.  Directed patrol is a better way to productively use patrol officers.  Involves analyzing patrol techniques in light of scientific analysis

19. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 19 Recent Studies Recent studies include:  Operation Ceasefire  A national evaluation of Weed-and-Seed programs  Kansas City Gun Experiment  Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment Studies like these show the value of scientific evaluation and accumulation of knowledge. They help establish the use of evidence-based policing.

20. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 20 Selected Scientific Studies in Law Enforcement YearStudy NameFocus 2005Effectiveness of Designated Driver Program Designated driver campaigns to reduce highway accidents 2001Boston’s Operation Ceasefire Evaluation Citywide effort to reduce gun violence, especially gang- related homicides 1999National Evaluation of Weed- and-Seed Programs Weed-and-Seed programs in 8 states 1998Community Policing in ActionPolice and citizen cooperation and neighborhood security 1994Kansas City Gun ExperimentSupplemental police patrol to reduce gun crime 1990Minneapolis “Hot Spot” PolicingIntensive patrol of problem areas 1986Crime Stoppers: A National Evaluation Media crime-reduction programs 1984Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment Effective police action in domestic violence situations 1981Newark Foot Patrol ExperimentCosts versus benefits of foot patrol 1977Cincinnati Team Policing Experiment Team versus traditional policing 1974Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment Effectiveness of police patrol

21. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 21 American law enforcement is very complex. There are thousands of different agencies involved in law enforcement, with not a lot of uniformity among them. Three major legislative and judicial jurisdictions exist: 1. Federal 2. State 3. Local Supplementing these are thousands of private security companies. American Law Enforcement Today

22. 22 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Federal Law Enforcement

23. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 23 Federal law enforcement agencies are distributed among 14 U.S. government departments and 28 nondepartmental entities. Additionally, many other government officers are involved in enforcement of laws through inspection, regulation, and control activities. Federal Agencies

24. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 24 American Policing: Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Department of Agriculture U.S. Forest Service Department of Commerce Bureau of Export Enforcement National Marine Fisheries Administration Department of Defense Air Force Office of Special Investigations Army Criminal Investigation Division Defense Criminal Investigative Service Naval Investigative Service Department of Energy National Nuclear Safety Administration Office of Mission Operations Office of Secure Transportation Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, Office of Criminal Investigations Department of Homeland Security Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Federal Protective Service Transportation Security Administration U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Customs and Boarder Protection Department of the Interior (Con’t) National Park Service U.S. Park Police Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Security and Law Enforcement Other Agencies with Enforcement Personnel: AMTRAK Police Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police Department of Energy Environmental Protection Agency – Criminal Investigations Division Food and Drug Administration Tennessee Valley Authority U.S. Capitol Police U.S. Mint U.S. Supreme Court Police Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Police Department Department of Homeland Security (Con’t) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Secret Service Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Bureau of Prisons Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation U.S. Marshals Service Department of Labor Office of Labor Racketeering Department of the State Diplomatic Security Service Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service – Criminal Investigation Division Treasury Inspector General for Tax Enforcement U.S. Postal Service Postal Inspection Service Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Land Management Fish and Wildlife Service

25. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 25 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) The FBI may be the world’s most famous law enforcement agency. It was developed in 1908 and called the Bureau of Investigation. It was designed originally to help the federal government investigate political and business corruption.

26. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 26 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) The FBI is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and has 56 field offices and 400 satellite offices. The FBI also operates:  “Legal attaché” offices in other nations, to help coordinate international law enforcement efforts and information sharing  The National Computer Crime Squad (NCCS)  The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)  A Criminal Justice Information Services Division  A full-scale crime laboratory  A National Academy Program

27. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 27 The FBI and Counterterrorism The focus of the FBI changed as a result of the September 11 th terrorist attacks, centering now on counterterrorism efforts. The FBI maintains:  A Counterterrorism Division  A national threat warning system  Flying Squads  The Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)

28. 28 2009 Pearson Education, Inc State and Local Law Enforcement

29. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 29 State Agencies Most state police agencies were created in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.  The Texas Rangers were the first. Today, there is a lot of diversity among the different state police agencies. State police agencies employ fewer people than do local police departments.

30. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 30 Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement Employment, 2000 Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics

31. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 31 Models of State Police Agencies Centralized Combine criminal investigations duties and state highway patrol Assist local departments Operate identification bureaus Maintain a criminal records repository Patrol highways Provide training for local officers Decentralized Separates state highway patrol from other duties Other duties performed by adjunct state-level law enforcement agencies

32. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 32 Local Agencies Local agencies encompass a wide variety of agencies, including:  Municipal departments  Sheriffs departments  Specialized groups, like campus police and transit police

33. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 33 Municipal Police Departments Municipal police departments are city- or town-based.  Any municipality can create its own police department; not every one does.  Jurisdiction is within the municipality.  Agencies range from very small to very large.  The majority have fewer than ten full-time officers.  Many utilize part-time officers.

34. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 34 Sheriffs Departments Sheriffs departments are responsible for law enforcement throughout their counties.  Mostly patrol the unincorporated areas that lie between municipalities  Jurisdiction is throughout the entire county  Operate county jails  Serve court papers  Maintain security in state courtrooms  Most departments have fewer than twenty-five full-time officers

35. 35 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Private Protective Services

36. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 36 Private Protective Services A number of private protective services, known as private security, also are involved in enforcement activities. These organizations:  Are privately funded, for-profit agencies.  Provide a variety of security-related services to their clientele (which include governments).  Have rapidly grown in recent years.  Employ more people than public police.  Find support in ASIS International programming.

37. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 37 Integrating Public and Private Security As the private security field grows, the relationship between public and private security is becoming more integrated with more of a cooperative crime-fighting potential.