1. What are your initial reactions to yesterday’s lesson? What was new to you? What surprised you? Why?

2. Armed resistance, most forceful form Armed uprising in over 100 ghettos Warsaw – April – May 1943 Armed revolt, rumors they were to be deported to killing center Members of the Jewish Fighting Organization attacked tanks with Molotov cocktails, hand grenades, handful of small arms Took only a few days to stop attacks, but almost a month to round everyone up and deport

3. Escape from the ghettos into the forest Joined Soviet partisan units or formed their own – harassed Germans Some Jewish council members refused to comply with orders Aid and rescue Spiritual resistance – attempts to preserve history and communal life Jewish Cultural Institutions, observe religious holidays and rituals, clandestine education, underground newspapers, hidden documentation

4. Prisoner uprisings – Treblinka and Sobibor – 1943 Stolen weapons attacked SS staff and guards Some escaped, most were hunted and captured Auschwitz – mutiny against SS guards, women on outside had been supplying explosives to blow up crematorium

5. 1933-1945 Nazi Germany established about 20,000 camps to imprison its victims Different purposes – forced-labor, transit, extermination Purpose was to eliminate “enemies of the state” In the beginning prisoners were German Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, Roma, Jehovah’s Witnesses or homosexuals Called concentration camps because ppl were concentrated in one location

6. After invasion of Austria (1938), German and Austrian Jews were sent to Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen – all in Germany This is where men were sent after Kristallnacht After invasion of Poland (1939) – Jews were sent to forced labor camps After invasion of USSR (1941) Nazis built more POW camps

7. Used to facilitate the “Final Solution” Established in Poland – largest Jewish population Designed for efficient mass murder 1 st camp opened 1941 – Chelmno Jews and Roma gassed in mobile gas vans Gas chambers used Auschwitz had 4 chambers at Birkenau At the height – 6,000 Jews killed daily More than 3 million Jews killed in extermination camps http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_oi.php?lang=en& ModuleId=10005180&MediaId=1092 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_oi.php?lang=en& ModuleId=10005180&MediaId=1092

8. Conducted on camp prisoners without their consent 3 types

9. In Dachau – conducted high-altitude experiments, using a low-pressure chamber, to determine the maximum altitude from which crews of damaged aircraft could parachute to safety Also, so-called freezing experiments using prisoners to find an effective treatment for hypothermia. Used prisoners to test various methods of making seawater potable.

10. Scientists tested immunization compounds and sera for the prevention and treatment of contagious diseases – malaria, typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, yellow fever, and infectious hepatitis Ravensburg the site of bone-grafting experiments and experiments to test the efficacy of newly developed sulfa (sulfanilamide) drugs Natzweiler and Sachsenhausen, prisoners subjected to phosgene and mustard gas in order to test possible antidotes.

11. Sought to advance the racial and ideological tenets of Nazi worldview Most infamous were the experiments of Josef Mengele at Auschwitz Conducted medical experiments on twins directed serological experiments on Roma Werner Fischer (Sachsenhausen) tried to determine how different "races" withstood various contagious diseases The research of August Hirt at Strasbourg University also intended to establish "Jewish racial inferiority"

12. Squads composed of SS and police personnel Task – murder racial or political enemies found behind German combat lines in USSR Victims – Jews, Roma, government officials, disabled patients Different than deportation to camps Einsatzgruppen came to the ppl and massacred them http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_oi.php?lang=en& ModuleId=10005130&MediaId=1131 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_oi.php?lang=en& ModuleId=10005130&MediaId=1131

13. Logistical support provided by German army Supplies, transportation, housing, guards Identified by local interpreters, ppl rounded up and taken to collection points Then marched or transported to execution site where trenches had been prepares Sometimes had to dig their own graves Handed over valuables, undressed Shot standing in front of trench, or lying face down Ppl were buried in mass graves

14. Late summer 1941 called for more convenient mode of killing Mobile gas chamber mounted on a truck – used carbon monoxide from truck to kill victims By 1943 – mobile killing units had killed over a million Soviet Jews and ten of thousands of others

15. Final Solution – plan to annihilate the Jewish ppl Persecution and segregation of Jews implemented in stages Legislation, ghettos, mobile killing units, camps Called for the murder of all European Jews by gassing, shooting or other means

16. 1944, Germany began losing ground in USSR and began to evacuate prisoners 3 purposes: SS did not want prisoners to fall into enemy hands and tell their stories SS thought they needed prisoners to maintain armaments Believed they may be able to use prisoners as hostages to bargain for separate peace and ensure the continuation of Nazi regime

17. 1944 evacuation began by train, but then increased to evacuations by foot 1945 Germany was on the verge of military defeat SS ordered to kill prisoners who could no longer walk or travel Guards brutally mistreated prisoners – shot ppl who collapsed or could no longer walk or disembark from trains or ships Thousands died of exposure, starvation, exhaustion