2. RTA Medical Emergencies and Infection Control Week 13 Caution – some images may be disturbing to the viewer …but this is what we may see in the course of our work

6. TRAUMA- X-RAY READY

9. 2 PROJECTIONS ARE BEST FOR THE PATIENT

10. SPINAL INJURY PT

13. X-TABLE LATERALS CERVICAL SPINE

15. Dislocation of the C3 and C4 articular processes Note that C7 is not well demonstrated

18. Some studies of spinal trauma have recorded a missed injury rate as high as 33%.

19. C1 c2 sublux c4 wedge fx

24. GSW TO ABD

25. QSW MARKING ENTRANCE /EXIT WOUNDS

32. Fractured Forearm

36. Trauma and Surgical Radiography

40. Blast wave injury

43. NEAR DROWING

44. Compound Fx of Femur

49. Medical Emergencies Definitions What should the RT know? Common Radiology Emergencies

50. Medical Emergencies Definition: Sudden change in medical status requiring immediate action. For RT’s medical emergencies are rare, however as medical personnel we must be prepared to recognize emergencies.

51. What an RT should know….. How to….. Avoid additional harm to the patient Obtain appropriate medical assistance quickly Recognize emergency situations Remain calm and confident

52. Anaphylactic Reaction An immune response to foreign material Bronchospasm – wheezing and edema in the throat and lungs Bronchospasm – wheezing and edema in the throat and lungs Can lead to shock Can lead to shock Requires prompt recognition and treatment from the technologist Requires prompt recognition and treatment from the technologist

53. Water Soluble Iodine High atomic # 53 Radiopaque Used to radiograph –Vessels –Arteries –Veins –Function of internal organs

54. Radiology Department Patients are usually sent to the radiology department only after they have been stabilized, however, their status may change!

55. General Priorities Ensure an open airway Control Bleeding Take Measures to Prevent shock Attend to wounds or fractures appropriately Provide emotional support Continually reevaluate and follow up

56. ABC A = Air Way B = Breathing C = Circulation

57. Become familiar with……….. In your work environment: –Emergency assistance protocol (how to get help) –Emergency Cart/Crash Cart Location

58. Important Conditions to be Aware of…… Level of Consciousness: ALOC Altered Level Of Consciousness Altered Level Of Consciousness Anaphylactic Shock: vasogenic shock Hypoglycemic/Hyperglycemia NPO – Nothing by Mouth NPO – Nothing by Mouth

59. Important Conditions to be Aware of: NPO instructions can result in: Hypoglycemia – excessive insulin, can result from normal dose of insulin & no food. Hyperglycemia – excessive sugar, usually seen in diabetics, pt. needs insulin

60. Medical Terms to Know….. Pallor = paleness; absence of skin coloration Shock = failure of the circulatory system CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation For program must be for Health Care Provider For program must be for Health Care Provider

61. More Medical Conditions: Stroke = Cerebrovascular Accident (brain) Heart Attack = Myocardial Infarct (heart) N/V = Nausea & Vomiting Epistaxis = nosebleed Vertigo = dizziness Syncope = fainting Hemorrhage = bleeding outside the blood vessels.

67. Zoomed lower pelvis demonstrating multiple fractures (arrows).

68. Zoomed bony thorax shows rib fractures

70. Radiologic Technology You never know when a medical emergency may occur. Helping your patients depends on your abilities to stay calm and perform you duties!

83. FX RADIAL HEAD

85. greenstick

89. comminuted Open fracture

90. Rt leg torn off after patient hit by a car

93. Third Degree Burn

95. INFECTION CONTROL

96. Infection Control Microorganisms Infectious Disease Chain of Infection Nosocomial Infection Disease Control Environment

98. Microorganisms that cause disease: BacteriaVirusesFungiProtozoa

99. Microorganisms Can grow in or on an animal or plant and cause diseases. Host: animal or plant that provides life support to another organism. Disease: Any change from the normal structure or function in the human body. Infection: Growth of a microorganism on or in a host.

100. Varicella Zoster (Shingles)

101. Disease Disease occurs only when the microorganism causes injury to the host Disease occurs only when the microorganism causes injury to the host

102. Pathogen A disease producing microorganism. –Multiply in large numbers and cause an obstruction –Cause tissue damage –Secrete substance that produce effects in the body Exotoxins ( high body temp, nausea, vomiting)

103. Bacteria  Strep Throat  Bacterial Pneumonia  Food Poisoning

104. Viruses Common cold MononucleosisWarts

105. Oral Warts

106. Smallpox

107. Fungi  Athlete’s Foot  Tinea pedis  Ringworm

108. Protozoan Trichomonas VaginalisTrichomonas Vaginalis –STD Plasmodium VivaxPlasmodium Vivax –Malaria

109. 6 Steps of Infection EncounterEntrySpreadMultiplicationDamageOutcome

110. Chain of Infection  Host  Infectious Microorganism  Mode of Transmission –Vector/ Fomite  Reservoir

111. Chain of Infection

112. Nosocomial Infections  Iatrogenic Infection  Compromised Patients  Patient Flora  Hospital Environment  Blood borne Pathogens

113. Types of Nosocomial Infections  Iatrogenic Infection – related to physician activities  Compromised Patients - weakened resistance; immunosuppressed  Patient Flora - microbes in healthy people  Contaminated Hospital Environment  Blood borne Pathogens – Hepatitis B and HIV

114. Blood borne Pathogens  Disease-causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood. Ex: Hepatitis, Syphilis, Malaria, HIV.  Two most significant blood borne pathogens: Hepatitis B and HIV

115. Syphilis

116. Syphilis in the eye

117. How Blood borne Pathogens are Transmitted: You must make contact with contaminated fluids and permit them a way to enter your body. Contaminated body fluids can be saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, or other fluids containing blood (urine).

118. Controlling the spread of Disease Chemotherapy Immunization Asepsis –Medical –Surgical Disinfectants

119. Physical Methods of Controlling Diseases Handwashing Standard Precautions –Gloving –Gowns –Face masks –Eyewear

120. Handwashing Single most important means of preventing the spread of infection. 7 to 8 minutes of washing to remove the microbes present, depending on the number present. Most effective portion of hand washing is the mechanical action of rubbing the hands together.

121. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) GlovesMasksGowns Protective Eyewear Caps

122. Universal Precautions Since there is no way you can know if a person is infected, you should ALWAYS use universal precautions: Wash your hands Wear gloves Handle sharp objects carefully Properly clean all spills Wear mask, eye protection, and apron if splashing is a possibility.

123. Airborne Precautions Patients infected with pathogens that remain suspended in air for long periods on aerosol droplets or dust. TB, Chickenpox, Measles Respiratory protection must be worn when entering pt room. Pt should wear mask.

124. Droplet Precautions Patients infected with pathogens that disseminate through large particulate droplets expelled from coughing, sneezing, or even talking. Rubella, Mumps, Influenza Surgical mask must be worn when within 3 feet of the pt. Pt should wear a mask.

125. Contact Precautions Patients infected with pathogens that spread by direct contact with the pt or by indirect contact with a contaminated object (bedrail, pt dressing). Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Hepatitis A, Varicella, Flesh-eating Virus All PPE should be used and equipment must be disinfected after use.

126. So What, and Who Cares? Students and Techs are challenged both physically and mentally by the microbial world. In this world of newly found, life-threatening diseases, education has become the key to survival. Health care providers must be committed to infection control so that diseases can be conquered!