1. Policies Aimed at Health-related Causes of Undernutrition Text extracted from: The World Food Problem Leathers & Foster, 2004 http://www.lastfirst.net/images/product/R004548.jpg

2. Director General of World Health Organization, 1989 “ If we could increase the health spending in the developing countries by only $2 per head, we could immunize all their children, eradicate polio, and provide the drugs to cure all their causes of diarrheal disease, acute respiratory infection, tuberculosis, malaria, schistosomiasis and sexually transmitted diseases.” http://www.who.sk/obr/nakajima.jpg Hiroshi Nakajima

3. Policies promoting low cost health for the poor Good health promotes good nutrition Good nutrition promotes good health Cheaper to maintain good health –Than to try to cure sick people Low cost health for poor –Barefoot doctors in China –Nutrition huts in Philppines –Health huts in Haiti Barefoot Doctors, China http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/20021/1960nian.htm

4. U.S. Public Health Policies 1840s: modern sewage systems 1900s: Drinking water 1923: Salt fortified –Iodine 1940: Flour fortified –Iron –Thiamin –Riboflavin –Niacin http://www.ames.lib.ia.us/farwell/publication/Pub6940.htm Marston Water Tower, 1897

5. Subsidizing Maternal and Child Health Services 1974: less than 5% children in developing world immunized against –Measles –Tetanus –Diphtheria –Pertussis –Tuberculosis –Polio Today: 80% immunized due to government policies –Ex: World Health Organization 36 million infants/yr not immunized http://maconareaonline.com/news.asp?id=14271

6. Maternal and Child Health Centers Immunization –Including hepatitis B, yellow fever Vitamin distribution –Vitamin A pills cost 5 cents to make Monitor Child Development Oral Rehydration Therapy Promote Breast Feeding Nutrition Education Family Planning http://www.new-agri.co.uk/image/043/dev01b.jpg Maternal Health Center, Malawi

7. Problems with Baby Formula Water supply contaminated with human excrement Household hygiene poor –Flies –Feces No refrigerator Wood stove, little fuel No equipment to clean bottle Uneducated mother –No knowledge of germs http://www.emag.uni-bremen.de/emag/2004/projects/wterprob/my%20home.html

8. Public Water Case Study Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 1976 50% of municipal water supply leaked out –Few shut off valves –Little incentive to conserve Direct service to 150,000 relatively wealthy 400,000 poor supposed to use 27 public stand pipes http://www.paho.org/English/DPI/100/100feature25_photos.htm Public Water Pump, Port-au-Prince

9. Public Water Case Study Extreme water scarcity solutions: –40,000 people relied on leaks in pipes –95,000 more wealthy people shared with neighbors –300,000 bought water through private vendors Port-au-Prince http://www.ehponline.org/docs/1994/102-12/focus1.html

10. Public Water Case Study Private Water Market –Tanker trucks Filled up free at hydrants –2,000 connected households sold water to neighbors –14,000 people were mobile vendors Bought water from connected households Delivered to customers –2 cents a bucket http://www.wehaitians.com/haitian%20suffering.html Port-au-Prince

11. Public Water Case Study Private Water Market –Customers paid out $3.8 million/year –Municipal Water Authority earned $650,000/yr Family of 5 would pay $4/month for 11 litres/day –40% of families earned $20/month or less –Poorest purchased water only for drinking Bathed in surface runoff http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/exhibitions/geographical/fossez.asp Port-au-Prince