1. Introduction to Emergency

2. Definition
First aid is the emergency care and treatment of a sick or injured person (casualty) before professional medical services are obtained. FIRST AID MEASURES ARE NOT MEANT TO REPLACE PROPER MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, but will only consist of providing temporary support until professional medical assistance is available

3. First Aid Aims
The purposes of first aid are: (1) to save life (2) prevent further injury, and (3) to minimize or prevent infection.

4. Responsibilities of the First Aider
Assess the situation quickly and safely and call for appropriate help
Protect casualties and others (bystanders) from possible danger
To identify, as far as possible, the nature of illness or injury affecting casualty.
To give each casualty early and appropriate treatment, treating the most serious condition first.

5. To arrange for the casualty’s removal to hospital or into the care of a medical team.
To remain with a casualty until appropriate care is available.

6. Priorities of Causalities
Save the conscious casualties before the unconscious ones as they have a higher chance of recovery.
Save the young before the old.
Casualties should always be treated in the order of priority, usually given by the “3 Bs”:
Breathing
Bleeding
Bones
Remember: One of your aims is to preserve life, and not endanger your own in the process of rendering First Aid

7. Types of Emergency care
- Pre-hospital care
The time from injury to definitive care is a determinant of survival, particularly those with major internal hemorrhage.
Careful attention must be given to the circulation, airway and breathing (CAB’s). with cervical spine immobilization,

8. Consist of two types of supports:
1)Basic life support:
Without intervention
splint, pressing wound
2)Advanced life support.
With intervention
Intubations, Intra Venous line.
useful in cardiac patient.
Harmful in trauma patient. Because this take the golden hour waiting for the ambulance.

9. Additional Pre-Hospital Measures
Occlusive dressings to manage open chest wounds
Needle thoracotomy to relieve tension pneumothorax
Endotracheal intubation

10. - Hospital care
Behavior and treatment different between Emergency Room (ER) and word.
Because in ER there is no time (deal with the core of the problem).

11. Fundamentals of First Aid
The first concern in first aid is: safety
The second concern is, unless the victim is in a life-threatening situation, he or she should: not be moved

12. Giving First Aid RAPCABH
R = Responsiveness (Is the victim conscious?)
A = Activate EMS (Emergency Medical Services)
P = Position (no spinal injury, position according to injury)
C = Circulation (Is there a pulse? Check!)
A = Airway (is it blocked? Check head position)
B = Breathing (is the victim breathing? Check!)
H = Hemorrhaging (Is the victim bleeding?)
Perform secondary survey. Examine the victim for other injuries and wait for medical attention to arrive.

13. Giving First Aid RAPCABH R is for Responsiveness
Is the victim conscious?
Touch their shoulder, ask if they are alright.
Ask if they need help.
If they say no, then proceed no further
If yes, or no response, then proceed to A
A is for Activate EMS (Emergency Medical Services)
Suggest using overhead with MLR 1 as review of RAP ABCH 13
Firsd Aid Skills 13

14. P is for Position
Only re-position the victim if the victim is in further danger in their present location.
And / or there does not seem to be spinal injury and additional care requires moving them.
If there are suspected spinal injuries, do not move the victim (except when the victim is in a life threatening situation).
Explain when an injured person should and should not be moved? 14
Firsd Aid Skills 14

15. C is for circulation
If there is not a pulse, then this person needs CPR.
The best place to check for a pulse is the carotid artery along the side of the neck along the windpipe.
If you are not trained in CPR, then find someone who is. 15
Firsd Aid Skills 15

16. -check to see if the airway is blocked.
A is for airway
-check to see if the airway is blocked.
Use your finger to sweep the mouth to remove any seen object.
B is for breathing
Look, listen and feel by watching the chest and placing your cheek a few inches above the mouth of the victim to sense any movement of air. If the victim is not breathing, they may need their head repositioned.
If they are still not breathing they need
rescue breathing, do not give unless you
are trained, instead, find an adult
H is for Hemorrhage
If the victim is bleeding, then provide the necessary care. 16
Firsd Aid Skills 16

17. First Aid Kit Gauze Pads -To cover wounds and prevent infection.
Roll Bandage -To stabilize strains and sprains and cover wounds.
Triangular Bandage -To cover wounds and prevent infection .
Container – To keep all first aid items in one common container.
Bandages -To stop minor bleeding and prevent infection.

18. Adhesive Tape -To secure bandages to wounds.
Antibacterial Ointment -To prevent infection on small cuts.
Calamine Lotion -To prevent itching.
Soap -To clean minor wounds and prevent infection.
Latex Gloves -To protect the rescuer
Bandage Scissors -To cut gauze and bandages. from infection and blood pathogens

19. The Emergency Trolley
Is a multi drawer cabinet contains the essential medication and tools needed for emergency cases.
Goal of emergency trolley
Compromised Airway
Respiratory Distress /Respiratory Arrest
Cardiac Arrest
Drug Overdose
Hypoglycemia
Anaphylactic Reaction

21. The Emergency Trolley Contents of the trolley Oxygen supply
Defibrillator with Monitor
Portable monitor/defibrillator unit
Portable suction apparatus
Laryngoscope
Shuttle forceps
Sphygmomanometer
Stethoscope
Emergency Crash Cart Check Sheet
Check List of cart contents.
Emergency drug information sheet

22. Contents of the Trolley
External Contents Oxygen supply:
Oxygen regulator with flow meter and a
valve to adjust the rate of oxygen flow
Oxygen cylinder

23. Contents of the Trolley
Defibrillator
Suction Apparatus

24. Contents of the Trolley
Stethoscope:
Sphygmomanometer:
An instrument to measure blood pressure.

25. Contents of the Trolley
Breathing and Airway
Bag valve mask (Ambo bag)

26. Contents of the Trolley
Breathing and Airway
Tracheostomy Set:

27. Contents of the Trolley
Breathing and Airway
Ventilation Devices
Pocket mask

28. Contents of the Trolley
Breathing and Airway
Airway adjuncts
Oropharyngeal Airways:
Nasopharyngeal Airways: .

29. Contents of the Trolley
Circulation: IV supplies 

30. Contents of the Trolley
Sample supplies
Butterfly
I.V Cannula
Syringe
Tourniquet

31. Contents of the Trolley
Sample supplies
Tongue blades
masks
Protective gowns
Kidney bowel
Scissors
Thermometer