2. Political Reconstruction Chapter 12 Section 1

3. SSUSH10 The student will identify legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction. a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican Reconstruction. b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the former slaves and provide advanced education (e.g., Morehouse College) and describe the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau. c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction. e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction.

4. Main Idea and Key Terms Congress opposed Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South Andrew Johnson Reconstruction Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens Wade-Davis Bill Freedmen’s Bureau Black codes 14 th Amendment Impeach 15 th Amendment

5. Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 3. How do we integrate and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?

6. Presidential Reconstruction

7. 10 Percent Plan Lincoln proposed the 10% plan It was a lenient Reconstruction policy Lincoln believed secession wasn’t possible, and that the Confederate States had therefore never seceded Wanted to make re-entry as easy as possible

8. 10 Percent Plan Pardon all Confederates, except high ranking officials and those accused of crimes against prisoners of war, who would swear allegiance to the U.S. After 10% took this oath, a Confederate state could form a new state government and gain representation in Congress

9. A few Republicans in Congress did not like the plan These were the Radical Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens of PN They wanted to destroy southern political power and give former slaves full citizenship and the right to vote They pass the Wade-Davis Bill

10. Wade-Davis Bill (1864)  Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).  Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.  Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) Congr. Henry W. Davis (R-MD)

11. Wade-Davis Bill (1864)  “Iron-Clad” Oath.  “State Suicide” Theory.  “Conquered Provinces” Position. President Lincoln Wade-Davis Bill Pocket Veto

12. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)  Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.  Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

13. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

14. 13 th Amendment  Ratified in December, 1865.  Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.  Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

16. Johnson’s Plan Johnson took over as President after Lincoln’s assassination Johnson’s plan for reconstruction varied little from Lincoln’s He tried to prevent high- ranking Confederate leaders from being able to swear allegiance and receive the right to vote

17. Shortcomings of Johnson’s Plan His plan failed to address the needs of former slaves in three areas: –Land –Voting Rights –And protection under the law

18. Effects of Johnson’s Plan EFFECTS? 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

19. The South is reassured by Johnson’s actions –He does not want to give former slaves the right to vote –Pardons 13,000 white southerners to help manage the south –Believes in State’s Rights Johnson readmits every state, even though some had not complied with all requirements

20. Congress When Congress convenes in Dec. of 1865, the new southern legislatures took their seats –58 served in the Confederate Congress –6 served in the Confederate cabinet –4 had been Generals who had fought against the Union –Johnson pardons them all This infuriated Republicans and African- Americans

21. Presidential Reconstruction no more Johnson claimed that Reconstruction was complete The Radical Republicans disagreed, and refused to admit the new southern legislators They enlarge the Freedman’s Bureau They pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Johnson vetoes both Reconstruction grinds to a halt

22. Congressional Reconstruction

23. Reaction to Johnson Moderate and Radical Republicans join forces against Johnson The House and Senate override the Presidential vetoes This is the first time in history The Congress also drafted the 14 th Amendment

24. 14 th Amendment  Ratified in July, 1868. * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. * Insure against neo-Confederate political power. * Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.  Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

25. Johnson convinces almost the entire south to reject the 14 th amendment – b/c they had no part in drafting in During the Congressional elections of 1866, Johnson and Grant appealed to people to vote for similar candidates The People voted for Grant’s suggestions, not Johnson, who offended many in the audiences with his rough language and manner

26. The speeches combined with violence in the south convinced voters to elect moderate and radical republicans, giving Congress the power to override any veto by the President They immediately pass the Reconstruction Act of 1867

27. Reconstruction Act of 1867 Did not recognize any southern state government except for Tennessee Divided the South into five military districts, each headed by a Union General In order to reenter the Union, the state constitution had to ensure African-American men the vote, and the state had to ratify the 14 th amendment Johnson vetoed it Congress overrode his veto

28. The Impeachment of Johnson Johnson refused to enforce the Act Removed Union officials in power for trying to enforce it Congress passes the Tenure of Office Act to protect their allies in the Cabinet Johnson fires Sec. of War Stanton The House votes to impeach Johnson Senate falls one vote short of conviction

29. Grant is elected In November of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant is elected President of the United States Radical Republicans introduce the 15 th Amendment –States no one can be kept from voting because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” –Ratified in 1870