1. GISMO Airborne Experiment Planning Proposed Greenland 2006 Campaign WFF Meeting Feb. 2006 GISMO Team K.Jezek, E. Rodriguez, P. Gogineni, J. Curlander, X. Wu, J. Sonntag, W. Krabill, P. Kanagaratnam, C.Allen, A. Freeman. T. Akins D. MacAyeal, R. Forster, S. Tulazek, M. Fahnestock, S. Clifford

2. Meeting Objectives Review Project Goals Objectives for Airborne Experiment Aircraft Configuration Airborne Experiment Design Navigation and location Proposed flight lines Schedule Flight Planning Guidance and Milestones Costs

3. GISMO Project Summary

4. Glaciers and Ice Sheets ‘Grand Challenges’ Understand the polar ice sheets sufficiently to predict their response to global climate change and their contribution global sea level rise What is the mass balance of the polar ice sheets? How will the mass balance change in the future?

5. National Geographic Magazine GISMO Vision Build an instrument that images the hidden continental land masses beneath the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets. Demonstrate this technology on Earth and apply it to icy bodies in the outer solar system

6. Primary Challenges Separate basal return from surface clutter Investigate spatial variation in strength of basal reflectivity Surface Clutter Weak Echoes Strong Attenuation

7. Objective Key Milestones TRL in =3 Approach Develop and test radars and algorithms for imaging the base of the polar ice sheets Investigate interferometric and tomographic clutter rejection and basal imaging methods -3-d topography of the glacial bed -Images of subglacial conditions Develop multiphase center P-band and VHF radars -Capable of sounding 5 km of ice -Single and repeat pass interferometric operation Assess the requirements for extension to continental scale campaigns PI: Prof. Kenneth C. Jezek, The Ohio State University Global Ice Sheet Interferometric Radar (GISIR) Use available topography data to simulate interferograms for testing the InSAR and tomographic concepts. Modify the SAR simulator to include operating characteristics of several aircraft and several radar designs Develop UHF and VHF radars and antenna systems Test methodology by collecting data over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets Algorithm validation and sensitivity assessment. Co-Is: E. Rodriguez, JPL; P. Gogineni, U. Kansas; J. Curlander, Vexcel Corp.; John Sonntag, EG&G; C. Allen, U. Kansas; P. Kanagaratnam, U. Kansas 1/ 06 Phase History Simulations and Algorithm Testing 9/06 Radar and Antenna Development 11/06 First flight test in Greenland 7/06 InSAR and tomography algorithm refinement 11/07 Second flight test in Antarctica 7/08 Algorithm and methodology assessment 8/08 Requirements doc. for continental scale imaging http://esto.nasa.gov Repeat pass tomography Filtered basal inferogram InSAR Concept

8. Prioritized Airborne Experiment Objectives Collect field data to test basic interferometric and tomographic imaging concepts Verify volume clutter is weak Image thick and thin ice to measure signal strength Image crevassed and crevasse-free areas to evaluate surface clutter rejection Collect single and repeat pass data to test interferometric and tomographic approaches Evaluate UHF and VHF radar performance Investigate transitions in basal conditions

9. Aircraft Configuration

10. Airborne Radar Depth Sounder: Rely on Design Heritage

11. Radars for operation on P-3 or Twin Otter aircraft Three more antenna elements are being added on each wing of a Twin Otter to eliminate grating lobes

12. P-3 Modifications Multiple conductors to antenna array (one conductor used in past experiments) Additional antenna elements beneath wings Additional element in the tail GPS and Inertial navigation information on aircraft position and attitude

13. Cable Spec’s SMA (2x) on BPE240, bundled With polyolefin jacket

14. Airborne Experiment Design

15. Single Pass Interferometry Maximize altitude Maximize antenna array separation 6 km swath

16. Multi-Pass SAR Imaging Synthetic Elevation Aperture Ground Reference Point Synthetic Aperture

17. Constraints on Flight Operations Fly at maximum allowable altitude Limit flight duration to allow for daily data Q/A and experiment modifications (about 6 hours assuming 150 Gb/hour and 3, 300 Gb disks) Allow enough field time to repeat flight lines Fly over high and low clutter areas Fly over areas where some information on basal properties is known VHF and UHF radars cannot operate simultaneously – P-band outbound; VHF inbound along same track to within 30 m Schedule 2 to 4 repeat flights at 30 horizontal offsets for tomography

18. Aircraft Navigation Expected Performance 20 m ground track repeatability 0.02 degree post flight knowledge on aircraft roll and pitch 1 degree post flight knowledge on yaw

19. Proposed Flight Lines

20. Sonde to Summit 780 km outbound 3-4 hours total 100 m to 3000 m thick ice Known basal scattering characteristics around summit PARCA data available

21. Clutter Test and Ocean Cal 490 Km outbound (about 2 hours) Clutter obscures bottom echo for nadir sounder Ice edge to 1000 m thick ice X’ X X a b b a

22. Sonde to Jacobshavn Clutter Experiment 480 km outbound (about 2 hours) High clutter Ice thickness in excess of 2km Substantial subglacial relief High absorption PARCA May 11, 2003

23. Schedule May/June Twin Otter flights will provide crucial information for planning Optimized flight plan in July Earliest flights in November 2006 (cold surface; timely data available for analysis; high project costs) Latest flights in May 2007 (partner with WFF planned activity; complementary science data; shared costs and personnel time; warm surface; late data)

24. Beyond 2007 IPY Proposal for second set of flights Flights in 2007/08 to address technology issues uncovered in 2006 and to focus on detecting transitions in basal conditions

25. Additional topics Status of P-3 Condition of existing antenna arrays Flight Planning and Costing Guidance WFF Milestones Efficient planning (flight duration vs number of flights vs down time to check data) Refine flight lines based on previous PARCA flight lines GISMO information posted at www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/rsl/gismo/