1. Aims for lesson: Introduce Energy Systems Understand how they are linked/required for sporting performance Distinguish the main nutrients that supply energy systems Understand the role of ATP Understand the ATP energy system

2. Energy Systems for Exercise

3. The human body is made to move in many ways: Quick and powerful Graceful & coordinated Sustained for many hours And is dependent upon the capacity to produce energy

4. We have a great amount of diversity Quick movements-lasts a few seconds Reduced speed-lasts for several minutes Reduced intensity(50%)-lasts for several hours The body uses different energy systems for each activity

5. Cells in the body need energy to function FOOD=ENERGY (E)

6. Cells don’t get Energy directly from food, it must be broken down into: ATP-Adenosine TRIphosphate ATP = a form of energy one can immediately use, it is needed for cells to function & muscles to contract

7. Nutrients that give us energy: Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Glucose Fatty acids Amino Acids Digestion Absorbed into the blood & transported to cells (muscle, liver & nerve) They are used to produce ATP or stored

8. Carbohydrates Broken down to Glucose – energy source for resynthesis of ATP Extra is stored in muscle and liver as GLYCOGEN Once stores are full, Glycogen converted to ‘fat droplets’ – stored in Adipose tissue Glycogen also source of ATP – easily/quickly broken down into Glucose

9. Fats Glycerol and Fatty Acids formed during digestion of fat – can be used directly from blood MOST are stored as TRIGLYCERIDES in adipose tissue Glycerol can be converted to glucose – this happens when diet lacks Carbohydrates OR when glycogen stores are depleted

10. Amino Acids Breakdown products of protein digestion Excess Amino Acids can NOT be stored Broken down by liver – nitrogen containing part of molecule excreted as Urea Remaining part converted into glucose 10% energy demands met through protein breakdown

11. ATP is stored in small amounts, therefore the rest is stored as: Glucose = Glycogen (muscle & liver) Fatty Acids = Body fat Amino Acids = Growth, repair or excreted as waste

12. Predominant Energy Pathways ATP (2-3 seconds) ATP-PC Energy System (8-10 seconds) Anaerobic Energy System (2-3 minutes) Aerobic Energy System (3 minutes +)

13. 0 sec 4 sec 10 sec 1.5 min 3 min + Strength – Power: power lift, shot put, golf swing Sustained Power: sprints, fast breaks, football Anaerobic Power – Endurance: 200-400 m dash, 100 m swim Aerobic Endurance: Beyond 800 m run Immediate/short-term Aerobic-oxidative non-oxidative systems system

14. ATP-CP Energy System ATP is stored in the muscle & liver for “Quick Energy” Nerve impulses trigger breakdown of ATP into ADP ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate & 1 Phosphate The splitting of the Phosphate bond = Energy for work Ex. Muscle Contraction, Moving hand from a hot stove, Jumping & Throwing

15. The ATP Molecule Adenosine Energy a. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) b. The breakdown of ATP: P P P P P P ATP = ADP + energy for biological work + P (ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate) Energy for cellular function

16. For contractions to continue… ATP must be REBUILT This comes from the splitting of CP (Creatine Phosphate a Hi energy source, automatic) When ATP is used – it is rebuilt – as long as there is CP Energy released from CP breaking down, resynthesizes the ADP & P

17. REMEMBER – only small amounts of ATP are stored = only 2-3 sec. of Energy ATP-PC = 8-10 sec. of Energy The usefulness isn’t the AMOUNT of Energy but the QUICK & POWERFUL movements For longer periods of work = The Aerobic & Anaerobic Energy System must be utilized

18. The Immediate Resynthesis of ATP by CP Creatine P P Energy High energy bond a. Creatine Phosphate (CP) b. CP = Creatine + energy for resynthesis of ATP + P Adenosine P P P c. ADP + energy from CP + P = ATP (reversal of ATP = ADP + P + energy for work)

19. Lesson 2 Recap on ATP-PC system introduced last lesson ‘Lucky Dip’ - tell us what you know! EXAM Questions …..!? What is the Lactic Acid System/Anaerobic Glycolysis How does it work? Impact on Sporting performance

20. Practice Exam Questions Jan 03, (iii)Q3 Sprinters stop accelerating at 7-8 seconds into a 100-metre race. In terms of energy systems, why does this occur? (2marks)Answers: - ATP is the principle energy source - PC is required to resynthesise ATP - As PC is used up, performance deteriorates - Transfer to Lactic Acid system - Lactic Acid system provides energy more slowly/rebuilds ATP more slowly

21. Jan 05, Q4 (ii) Figure 2 shows a Velocity/time graph for an elite 100m runner. Figure 2 shows a Velocity/time graph for an elite 100m runner. What is happening to the sprinter between 6 and 11 seconds? Explain why this occurs? (3 marks) Answers: DEceleration/decrease in velocity (NOT slowing down) Lack of ATP CP breakdown to ATP slowing Due to lack of stored PC Transfer to slower lactic acid/alactic/anaerobic system

22. Jan 03, Q 5 c Identify the principle energy source for each of the following activity cycles in these types of physical activities: Identify the principle energy source for each of the following activity cycles in these types of physical activities: i)Walking ii) Sprinting iii) Jogging Answers: Walking - free fatty acids Sprinting – muscle glycogen/ATP/Carbohydrates/PC Jogging – mixture of fatty acids and muscle glycogen/fats/carbohydrates

23. Anaerobic Energy System Anaerobic Glycolysis = Production of ATP from Carbohydrates (breakdown of Glucose/Glycogen) Activities that require a large burst of energy over a short period of time An absence of OXYGEN Therefore chemical reactions taking place in the Sarcoplasm (Anaerobic respiration)

24. System provides ATP when ATP-CP runs out ATP-CP lasts for a few seconds, whereas: Anaerobic Energy System allows for 2-3 minutes of aerobic activity Since glycogen is stored in the muscle & liver, it is still available, relatively quickly During this process Glycogen is broken down into Pyruvic Acid – this causes the release of energy to resynthesise 2 ATP molecules

25. 1.The process to produce ATP is not as fast as ATP- CP, muscle contraction slower 2. When oxygen is not present the end product of glycolysis is lactic acid, which causes the muscles to fatigue (P.A is converted, when insufficient Oxygen) 3. Anaerobic Glycolysis is less efficient in producing ATP than Aerobic Glycolysis, BUT is needed for a large burst of energy lasting a few minutes

26. Glucose/Glycogen ATPGlucose-6-Phosphate (Absence of Oxygen) Pyruvic AcidLactic Acid 2ATP

27. Sporting Example: 400m Hurdles Anaerobic Glycolysis = predominant energy pathway Insufficient O2 = Pyruvic Acid converted to LA LA causes muscle fatigue Interval training improves bodys’ glycolytic capacity

28. Without Oxygen Glucose = 2ATP + 2LA (digested component of carbohydrates) Glycogen = 3ATP + 2LA (the storage form of glucose)

29. With Oxygen Glucose + O2 = 36ATP + H2O + CO2 Fatty Acids + O2 = 129ATP Body Fat is a great source of ENERGY

30. Oxygen Deficit = The body can not supply enough O2 to the muscles that the muscles demand When the muscle does not get enough oxygen, exhaustion is reached causing immediate and involuntary reduction in intensity Oxygen Debt = “pays back” the deficit recovery time

31. Aerobic Energy System With Oxygen = Using large muscle groups continuously over a period of time Aerobic Glycolisis & Fatty Acid Oxidation = The production of ATP from Carbohydrates & Fat

32. 1.O2 enters the system, stopping the breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid 2.With oxygen, glycogen breaks down into: ATP + CO2 + H20 3.These byproducts are easier to get rid of CO2 is expelled by the lungs H20 is used in the muscle

33. 4.Anaerobic Energy System = Carbohydrates are the only fuel source 5.With prolonged exercise, Carbohydrates are the first fuel choice, as exercise continues, FAT becomes predominant 6.Protein is not a main fuel source except in an emergency

34. Each system plays an important role in energy production This gives us a variety of movements The systems interact to supply Energy for the activity

35. Examples Anaerobic70-80% Anaerobic Aerobic 20-30% Aerobic Wt. TrainingStop & Go SportsJogging GymnasticsTennisMarathons FootballSoccerCycling BaseballField HockeyAerobic Dance