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Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function
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CELL THEORY 1. All living things are made of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. (CELL= the basic unit of life) Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells.
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WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________
Plant cell Animal cell bacteria _________ > _____________ > ___________
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A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES
Image from: A CELL is made of MOLECULES ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES _______ ___________ ___________
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CELL THEORY CELL SIZE 1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) 3. Cells come from the reproduction of ___________________ cells ___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________
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CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS
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LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC HYDROPHOBIC
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Oil and water don’t mix! Image from:
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PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER Image from:
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CELL MEMBRANE PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL
Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________ (either inside or outside of cell) Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________ (can go part way in or all the way through) PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL
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GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS are INTEGRAL PROTEINS
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WHAT DOES IT DO? Controls what enters and leaves cell
Images from: Controls what enters and leaves cell
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SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE (semi-permeable)
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CELL MEMBRANE __________________ and ______________
Made of __________________ and ______________ HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as a LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ and NON-POLAR tails facing ________ Proteins attached to inside or outside surface = ______________ Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________ (can go part way in or all the way through) OTHER MOLECULES: GLYCOPROTEINS (with sugars) attached that “recognize self” are ________________ PROTEINS STEROIDS (lipids)
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CYTOPLASM (cytosol + organelles)
Image from: CYTOSOL – gel-like goo ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job) Image from:
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NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells
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NUCLEUS Surrounded by DOUBLE bilayer membrane
= NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (nuclear membrane) Image from:
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NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from:
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WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is spread out
as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
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WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Genetic code tells the
Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from:
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NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS Makes RNA for ribosomes
Image from: Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS Makes RNA for ribosomes
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NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS DNA is scrunched up as ______________
Surrounded by _____________ bilayer MEMBRANE (called the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE) CONTROL CENTER OF CELL CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells. DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells.
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CYTOSKELETON Gives cell shape & support Help move organelles around
Image from: CYTOSKELETON Gives cell shape & support Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS called MICROFILAMENTS & MICROTUBULES Image from:
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CYTOSKELETON
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MITOCHONDRIA (plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
Image from: Looks like “little sausages”
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MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA
Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE Image from:
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WHAT DOES IT DO? “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy
Images from: “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP Image by: Riedell
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MITOCHONDRIA ______________________ of cell Burns ____________
Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ ______________________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy as ______ Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions)
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Image from: Network of hollow tubules 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Image from:
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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Animation from: Moves substances around inside cell = “Intracellular highway” Image from: Has RIBOSOMES attached
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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Has RIBOSOMES attached Transports molecules to other parts of cell
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SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Image from: Has NO ribosomes attached Makes steroids Regulates calcium Destroys toxic substances
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Network membranes Rough ER: Transports molecules inside cell “____________________________” Smooth ER: Makes ______________, regulates ________________, breaks down _________________ SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER (no ribosomes) (with ribosomes)
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RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA Protein factory for cell
Image by: RIedell Image from:
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RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm
Image from: Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from:
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RIBOSOMES
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GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
Image from: Image from: Pancake like membrane stacks Packages molecules for transport out of cell Image from:
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GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
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It’s ALL connected!
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LYSOSOMES Animation from: Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc
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LYSOSOMES Image modified from:
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LYSOSOMES Image from:
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LYSOSOMES
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CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to pull chromosomes apart
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CENTRIOLES Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES
Image from:
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CENTRIOLES
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FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement) Image from:
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FLAGELLA Help in cell movement
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CILIA Animation from: Move cell itself
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CILIA Move substances past cells
Image from:
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CILIA FLAGELLA WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Many short Few Long
Animation from: Few Long
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CILIA FLAGELLA
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WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?
Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles
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CELL WALL Supports and protects cell
Outside of cell membrane Made of polysaccharide _______________ CELLULOSE
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VACUOLES Storage space
Image from: Storage space
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VACUOLES Storage space for WATER, enzymes, and waste
Image from: Storage space for WATER, enzymes, and waste Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA
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VACUOLES
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CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sun to make glucose for food
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CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
Thylakoid stacks contain enzymes for photosynthesis Contains own DNA
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CHLOROPLAST
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WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?
Cell wall NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DNA is circular No membrane bound organelles
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BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…
ITS MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than Plant cell walls! NO CELLULOSE! Image from: Image from:
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Cell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PROTEINS
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA Cell membrane NO cell wall Cell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PROTEINS Has ribosomes Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane Eukaryotes Prokaryotes DNA in chromosomes DNA in chromosomes DNA is a circular ring No chloroplasts Chloroplasts Small vacuoles Really big vacuole No vacuoles Has lysosomes Lysosomes rare No lysosomes SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST
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The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D
The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D. Griffin, Barnes and Noble Books, 1986
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The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D
The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D. Griffin, Barnes and Noble Books, 1986
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