1. Enlightenment & American Revolution Ch 17

2. Philosophy in the Age of Reason Sec 1

3. Natural Law Who: Europeans What: rules that are discoverable by reasoning that governed scientific forces such as gravity & magnetism Where: Europe When: 1500s-1600s Why: scientific success convinced educated Europeans of the power of human reason; used to better understand social, economic, & political probs; used this to study human behavior & solve probs = led to the Enlightenment

4. Thomas Hobbes Who: 17 th century English thinker What: set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment ; wrote “Leviathan” Where: England When: 1700s Why: he lived through upheavals in the English Civil War; outlined his ideas in “Leviathan”= argued that ppl were naturally cruel, greedy & selfish; he said that ppl entered into “Social Contract” to avoid brutal life; best gov’t= Absolute Monarchy

5. John Locke Who: 17 th century English thinker What: set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment Where: England When: 1700s Why: he thought ppl were reasonable & moral; ppl had certain natural rights: life, liberty, & property; came to very diff ideas about the human nature & role of govt= govt has obligation to its ppl, if it fails, it fails the ppl = if govt violates natural rights = ppl have a right to overthrow= American & French Revolutions

6. Social Contract Who: European ppl; Thomas Hobbes What: an agreement where ppl gave up their freedom for an organized society Where: Europe When: 1500s-1600s Why: Hobbes said that ppl entered into this agreement to escape the brutish lifestyle; believed a powerful govt = orderly society; promoted Absolutism

7. Natural Right Who: John Locke What: rights that belonged to all humans on earth such as life, liberty, & property Where: England When: 1700-1800s Why: Locke believed ppl are reasonable & moral= they have rights from birth; ppl had a right to overthrow a govt if these rights were violated = American & French Revolutions

8. Philosophe Who: French Enlightenment thinkers/philosophers What: they believed the use of reason could lead to reforms of gov’t, law, & society Where: France, Europe When: 1700s Why: this group of thinkers started Enlightenment thought = spread throughout Europe & beyond; applied methods of science to improve society

9. Montesquieu Who: an early influential thinker; a philisophe What: studied the gov’ts of Europe & learned about Chinese & Native Am. Cultures; wrote “Sprit of Laws” Where: France, Europe When: 1689-1748 Why: his sharp criticism of Absolutism = debate; in order to protect liberty the gov’t should be divided into 3 branches; idea taken by framers of US Constitution; wrote “Persian Letters”= ridiculed French Gov’t

10. Voltaire Who: a Philosophe, poet & historian What: an imprisoned poet, historian, essayist & philosopher Where: Paris, France When: 1694-1778 Why: he detested the slave trade; deplored religious prejudice; defended principle of freedom of speech; his new ideas= imprisoned & forced into exile

11. Diderot Who: What: Where: When: Why:

12. Rousseau Who: What: Where: When: Why:

13. Laissez-Faire Who: What: Where: When: Why:

14. Adam Smith Who: What: Where: When: Why:

15. Rococo Who: Architect & Designers What: Personal, elegant style of art & architecture made popular that featured designs. Where: Paris, France When: 1600’s-1700’s (mid) Why: Rococo art moved away from religion unlike, Baroque. Rococo was believed to encourage imagination. Portrait showed noble subjects in charming rural settings, surrounded by happy servants. Despite it being criticized it had a vast of people in upper class & graving middle class.

16. Enlightenment Ideas Spread Sec 2

17. Censorship Who: What: Where: When: Why:

18. Salons Who: What: Where: When: Why:

19. Baroque Who: Greek & Romans What: Courtly art and architecture were neither in the Greek and Romans tradition or in a grand, ornate style. Where: Europe When: 1600’s-1700’s Why: Baroque paintings were huge, colorful, and full of excitement. They glorified historic battles or the lives of the saints. Such works matched the grandeur of the European courts at that time.

20. Enlightenment Despot Who: Monarchs, Frederick the Great, Joseph II, and Catherine the Great What: Those that accepted enlightenment ideas. Where: Europe When:1700’s Why: they were absolute rulers who used their powers to bring about political and social change. These philosophies convinced rulers that change and reform was necessary.

21. Frederick the Great Who: King of Prussia What: Exerted &extremely tight control over his subjects. Where: 1740-1786 When: Prussia Why: He saw himself as the “First servant of the state,” with a duty to work for the common good. He openly praised Voltaire’s work. He reduce the use of torture and allow a free press. He recognized the governments civil service and simplified laws, the tolerated religious differences.

22. Catherine the Great Who: What: Where: When: Why:

23. Joseph II Who: What: Where: When: Why: