1. JUDGES AND LAYPERSONS Civil Law System: France

2. Judicial Training & Qualification Ordinary Judiciary Four years of university Entrance exam to ENM l’admission exam to ENM (<10% passage rate) 31 months of training at ENM, includes internships, practical training and a period serving as a judicial assistant Final exam and work assessments used classify on merit and specialties are assigned Final six months spent working in area of specialty Alternate routes to qualify Administrative Court Judges Four years of university Competitive written and oral entrance exams to ENA 27 months of training at ENA, includes internships, lectures and seminars Competitive exam used to classify on merit and assign placement Final six months spent working in area of specialty Alternate routes to qualify

3. Characteristics of the Judiciary Distinct profession from lawyers Appointment by President via CSM Initial placement in judiciary via examination Civil service system Advancement and promotion Independence and job security (especially for the ordinary judiciary)

4. Role of Laypersons and Juries Cour d’Assises and Cour d’Assises d’Apel Serious major crimes (rape, murder, etc.) Selection of jurors Mixed adjudicators (3 judges, 9 laypersons) Procedural differences from other French courts Appeals Role of Lay Judges Tribunaux de Commerce Conseil de Prud’hommes (employment tribunals) Judge proximite