2. Part 2 Renewable Resources

3. Wind energy results from uneven solar heating of the atmosphere, resulting in broad circulation areas Wind resources vary greatly worldwide, even over a few miles Wind power is proportional to the wind speed cubed Wind Energy Ref.: www.freefoto.com/pictures/general/ windfarm/index.asp?i=2 080915

4. Wind Density across the USA Coastal Florida is windy as northern OH, IN, IL, WI, MI; Ohio & IL have wind turbines 080915

5. Wind Energy in Practice California 50% tax incentives resulted in major U.S. wind farms –Altamonte Pass –Tehachapi –San Gorgonio Pass Other turbines are located in Dakotas, Iowa, Texas, MA, ME, NY, OR, PA, WA, WY, IA, VT, WV etc. Early Twentieth Century saw wind-driven water- pumps commonly used in rural America, but the spread of electricity lines in 1930s caused their decline. www.nrel.gov/wind/usmaps.html 060920

6. Is There Wind Energy in Indiana?

7. Ref.: cimss.ssec.wisc.edu The sea breeze effect begins as land is heated by sun more than water Temperature difference of land and sea causes wind flow inland in daytime; out to sea at night Afternoon storms result from humid sea air rising in Central Florida North Carolina to Texas coastal areas may have similar energy Sea Breeze Phenomenology 060722

8. Energy Is Proportional to Wind Speed Cubed Recall that the average wind power is based upon the average of the speed cubed for each time The wind energy varies from trivial to disastrous! Precautions are needed to protect the turbine Ref.: Bergey 080101

9. A 1000 W, 10-ft diameter wind turbine: Wind energy at 103 ft above ground greatly exceeds that at ground level Wind and Solar Facility 060920

10. Geothermal Energy First electricity from geothermal produced in Laredello, Italy in 1903 Active geysers supply steam or hot water for heating in The Geysers, California (824 MW e ) “Hot, dry rock” (HDR) offers potential for deep-injecting water and using the resultant steam to spin a turbine At a lower (~75F) geothermal temperature, an air conditioner can extract heat from the ground for winter heating or insert energy into the ground to gain a more efficient cooling sink in summer www.eren.doe.gov/geothermal/ geysers20.html 080101

11. BioenergyBioenergy (From Biomass) Direct firing, cofiring, and gasification are forms of biopower Ethanol can be made from grain, diesel from soybeans, and ethanol/methanol can be made from cellulose May be intentionally grown (coppicing; cut by “lawnmower on steroids”) such as poplar trees or might use waste byproducts Biomass satisfied 4% of energy demand in 1990 Biomass can serve as a bridge from fossil fuels, although it is an inefficient producer of energy Liquid fuels are essential for transportation vehicles due to high energy density www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/.../ re_renew_maps_bio_poten.htm 080101

12. Hydroelectric Dams The sun distills ocean and surface waters and ground moisture to produce rain that stores potential energy above sea level This stored water energy has long been used for generation of electricity Small hydro dams were commonplace in the 1930’s, but many have fallen into disuse and were removed Once installed, these systems produce low cost electricity without significant pollution China’s Three Gorges just built World's largest storage dam, Uganda's Owen Falls Dam. The hydroelectric station at the dam supplies most of the electricity requirements of Uganda, and parts of Kenya. (Photo:Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Thailand) 080101

13. Hydroelectric Energy Use Hydro installed on most useful rivers years ago Dams are under attack by some environmentalists who want water unhindered for fish passage, recreation, and for endangered species -- “So fish can swim free” (Piscean justice campaign?) Impounded waters hold back ocean rise somewhat Stable output although seasonal variations 080101

14. Ocean Energy Synopsis 040212 Four Types: Tidal Flow Wave Energy Ocean Thermal Energy Converter Ocean Current

15. Tidal Energy 080q0q Tides are produced by gravitational forces of the moon and sun and the Earth’s rotation (24 hour, 50 minute period) Existing and possible sites:  France: Rance River estuary 240 MW station  England: Severn River (proposed)  Canada: Passamaquoddy in the Bay of Fundy (1935 attempt failed; not economically practical)  California: high potential along the northern coast; NIMBYs would block it Environmental, economic, and esthetic aspects plus limited resources have delayed implementation

16. Salter “ducks” rock up and down as the wave passes, oscillating to convert rotary motion to electrical energy A Wavegen, wave- driven, air compressor or oscillating water column spins a Wells turbine to produce electricity regardless of air flow direction Source: Wave Energy paper. IMechE, 1991 and European Directory of Renewable Energy (Suppliers and Services) 1991 Wave Energy 060920 Ref.: www.fujita.com/archive-frr/ TidalPower.html ©1996 Ramage

17. Ocean Thermal Electric Conversion (OTEC) 080101 Hawaii has the research OTEC laboratory; funding ended in 1998; used for chilled water office cooling now OTEC requires some 40°F temperature difference between the surface and deep waters to economically extract energy Open-cycle plants vaporize warm water and condense it using the cold sea water, yielding potable water and electricity from turbine-driven alternators Closed-cycle units evaporate ammonia at 78°F to drive a turbine and an alternator Ref.: www.nrel.gov/otec/achievements.html

18. Subsurface Gulf Stream currents of 4 to 5 knots can drive turbines to generate electricity The equivalent of a waterproof wind turbine can be placed underwater to extract energy Blue Energy of Canada planned a prototype demonstration in the Second Quarter of 2004 Ocean Current Energy 080101 www.bluenergy.com/technolo gy/ turbine.html Florida Atlantic Univ. starting Ocean Energy Center 2007 for Gulf Stream energy

19. Energy Transmission Electricity and hydrogen are energy carriers, not natural fuels –They must be made at a loss using other forms of energy! Electric transmission lines lose energy in heat (~2 to 8% as an engineering design parameter by economic choice) Line energy-flow directional analysis can show where new energy plants are required; usually in cities that won’t accept them Hydrogen is now made by cracking of natural gas (97%), electrolysis of water, or from bacterial action (lab experiment level) Pipelines can transport hydrogen (if lines are sealed) without appreciable energy loss A 40-ton truck delivering H 2 and tapping the load as fuel could travel ~800 miles --- and arrive empty [Mark Sardella, PE. “The Hydrogen Hallucination - The 'Freedom Fuel' Leaves Us in Chains”, Energy Central, 9.25.03]Mark Sardella, PE 080101

20. Questions? ? ?

21. This diamond mine is in Eastern Siberia in Mirny. Its 1722 feet deep and ¾ mile wide.

22. The truck “Belaz” is one of the largest in the world On next slide it’s like a tiny dot

25. The hole is so large that its airspace is closed to aircraft as the wind causes unpredictable vortex The hole is so large that its airspace is closed to aircraft as the wind causes unpredictable vortex

28. View from space View from space