1. Memory Systems Embedded Systems Design and Implementation Witawas Srisa-an

2. Agenda Go over memory device and system –Basic technology –Review of memory organization –Review of memory management Credits –Materials presented in this slide set are from Steve Heath, Embedded Systems Design 2 nd Ed., Newnes, Elsevier Science Wayne Wolf, Computers as Components, Morgan Kaufman, Elsevier Science

3. Memory Technology Volatile –DRAM –SRAM Non-volatile –EPROM –EEPROM –Flash

4. Signals Address bus Data bus Chip selects –Select chips from an array within a memory device Control signals –Read/write

5. Dynamic RAM Technology Used for cheap/large memory –Cost determines by the number of transistors/bit and packaging technology How many per bit? How many pins? –Need to refresh regularly (15 microseconds) Why? Result in 3 – 4% theoretical maximum processing overhead –Higher density 4 to 5 more times than SRAM

6. DRAM Interface DRAM CE’ R/W’ Adrs Data RAS’ CAS’

7. DRAM Interface Two stages –Upper half of address is placed on the address bus to form row address then assert RAS signal –Then, lower half of address is placed on the address bus to form column address then assert CAS signal –Notice, row address is buffered internally –Access time from assertion of RAS to appearance of data

8. DRAM Interface time CE’ R/W’ RAS’ CAS’ Adrs Data row adrs col adrs data

9. DRAM Interface 256Kbit (512 bits/row 16 DRAMs) Things to consider memory chip (16K x 1 or 4K x 4) the width of each row the number of DRAM in the array

10. DRAM Interface 0000010000000100 256Kbit (512 bits/row 16 DRAMs) Things to consider memory chip (16K x 1 or 4K x 4) the width of each row the number of DRAM in the array

11. Page Mode DRAM First access to a row, supply RAS Afterward, keep RAS assert so only need to supply CAS –Performance gain is in cutting down the time needed to provide the RAS pulse –Not truly random access –256 KB memory module (512 bit/row and 16 DRAMs in an array) How large is a page? Can be interleaved and/or burst mode

12. Page Mode DRAM 256Kbit (512 bits/row, 16 DRAMs, 4K x 4) 0000010000000100 How big is a page?

13. Page Mode DRAM time CE’ R/W’ RAS’ CAS’ Adrs Data row adrs col adrs data col adrs col adrs data

14. EDO RAM time CE’ R/W’ RAS’ CAS’ Adrs Data row adrs data col adrs col adrs col adrs

15. Video RAM DRAM with shift register –Simultaneous accesses between processor and the video display –Shift register is driven by clock serially

16. Static RAM Technology Used for fast/small memory –4 to 5 transistors per bit –Need more resource –No refresh is needed –Example Cache memory Local memory-

17. SRAM Interface SRAM CE’ R/W’ Adrs Data

18. SRAM Interface time CE’ R/W’ Adrs Data readwrite From SRAMFrom CPU

19. SRAM vs DRAM (Pin) How many pins are needed for a 1M x 1 –DRAM chip? –SRAM chip? SRAM CE’ R/W’ Adrs Data DRAM CE’ R/W’ Adrs Data RAS’ CAS’

20. SRAM Has been said to consume more power than DRAM –Only true during switching –Use less quiescent current than DRAM which has to be refreshed all the time Can use battery to back-up SRAM

21. Non-Volatile Memory EPROM –Read-only –Erasable through UV Flash –Electrically erasable –Same access time as DRAM EEPROM –Erase in block using electrical pulses

22. Basic Memory Organization Processors don’t request data in a single bit. They request data in multiple bits –MC68000 has 16-bit data path Either 16x1, 4x4 or 2x8 device would be needed We have by 1, by 4, by 8 by 16 or more organization

23. Memory Packaging Dual in line memory module (DIMM) –64 bit SIMM –32 bit

24. OS Review Why do we need memory management? –Relocation –Protection –Large address space Trade offs –Slower memory access Translation overhead Additional storage for look-up tables