1. International Conference Low-cost, electricity generating heat engines for rural areas Dr. Teodoro Sanchez Energy technology Advisor Field research into the cooking habits in rural areas of Nepal and Uganda

2. Purpose: To understand the cooking and lighting habits, the energy sources involved and the peoples perception regarding benefits, constrains and challenges, in order to set the social requirements for the design of a successful SCORE stove Methodology: Survey research Filed research

3. General background Common features Landlocked countries Poor Majority of their populations are rural Diverse geographical conditions Common features Landlocked countries Poor Majority of their populations are rural Diverse geographical conditions

4. Sample survey Uganda sample 471 interviews South Central North West East Nepal sample 360 interviews Mountains Hill Terai

5. Information gathered Household demographics, education, housing and living conditions, asset ownership, access to water and sanitation, agricultural production, income and expenditures, sources of energy mostly for cooking and lighting, type of biomass using as a source of energy, type of cooking stove, type of pot used, need and interest of people for modern energy services (electricity, high efficiency and clean cooking) others

6. Findings NepalUganda 1) Family size (number of members)

7. Housing Nepal Uganda Number of rooms in each house (1-9) But 72% of the houses have 2 or 3 rooms In the mountain region families tend to have smaller house with fewer rooms (27 % had a single room and 39 % had two rooms. In the other two regions only about 5% had a house with 1 room. Number of rooms per family varies from to 2 to 7 The west region had the larger number of rooms (average 4.8), the central region the lower average of 2.8

8. Lighting Energy sources for lightingNepalUganda electricity62.80%8% kerosene 30%58% average weekly consumption, 0.4 litre per family average weekly consumption, 3 litre per family other – candles and batteries7.20%12% (10% using candles) biomass022% hours of lightingaverage 2.5 per dayaverage 2.75 per day

9. Cooking Nepal Uganda Type of fuels 47% of respondents use wood for all their cooking needs 25% use wood for 2/3 of their cooking needs 28% use a combination of agricultural residues, leaves, twigs, etc. Quantity 15 kg per person per week Number of meals 3 or 4 Time spent on collection of wood About 10.5 hours per week Type of fuels 68% of the respondents use firewood 19% use charcoal 8% use a combination use twigs 5% use one or more sources including agricultural residues, saw dust, and dung Quantity 8.1 kg per person per week Number of meals a day 2 or 3 Time spent on collection of wood About 10 hours

10. Number of pots used for cooking Nepal Uganda For breakfast 80% use one pot respondents, 18% use 2% use 2 or 3 pots For lunch and dinner about 50% use 2 pots and the other 50% use 3 pots For breakfast most people use 1 or 2 pots For lunch and dinner most people use 2 pots or 3 pots

11. Fuel size Nepal Uganda 58% use firewood 3-6cm thick about 31% use wood bigger than 6 cm thick. 10% did not know 24% use firewood less than 3cm thick, 29% per cent used wood 3 to 6 cm thick 35% per cent used wood thicker than 6cm 12% did not know

12. Type of pots Nepal Uganda 97% use cylindrical shape pots 3% use non-cylindrical shape pots Typical pot used in Nepal 65% use non-cylindrical pots And 35% use cylindrical shape commercial pots

13. Opinion of the interviewees about priority characteristics of good stove Features of stovePriority in NepalPriority in Uganda Saves fuel13 Cooks quickly31 Smokeless24 Many potsN/A2 Low cost55 Warms house48 PortableN/A6 SmallN/A7

14. Set of requirements according for a good stove AttributeRequirements EfficiencyHigh efficiency Smoke reductionUse of chimney Number of potsThree Size of firewoodTo accommodate a range wood sizes, up to 8cm in diameter Cooking positionPreferably seated CostNot determined Size of the stoveSmall Provision of hot water Convenient in some case but not very important Provision of space heating It is important for cold places (Nepali Mountains) Simplicity and safetySimple to use, simple to adjust or repair and safety is required. DesignRobust, stable on their position Spare partsAvailability of spare parts and ease of maintenance InformationOperating instructions available in local languages

15. Thank you for your attention