2. Wishes v Resources…. Towards Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage James Fitzgerald Director, Department of Health Systems and Services Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

3. 0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0 Social gradient defined by income (accumulated) Well-being (income, accumulated) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Perfect equity 2000 (Gini = 0.46) 2010 (Gini = 0.43) The Americas has achieved significant economic growth in the last 15 years A Region that remains the most inequitable the world Significant Progress ……… with Persistent Inequities Source: PAHO/SDE. Washington DC; October 2013.

4. Child Mortality (<5 years old) Source: Health Equity and Financial Protection Datasheets (World Bank); 2013.

5. Self-perception of Poor Health Source: EquiLAC studies; PAHO/WHO, 2012.

6. PRESSURES FOR CHANGE: Social transition: more services for more people, of higher quality; Demographic transition: new services and practices; Epidemiological transition: innovative care models. A Social Demand to Improve Health and Wellbeing

7. Universal Coverage Coverage Capacity of health system to meet the population’s needs; Availability of infrastructure, HR, health technologies, and financing. Capacity of health system to meet the population’s needs; Availability of infrastructure, HR, health technologies, and financing. Organizational mechanisms and financing sufficient to cover the entire population. Universal coverage alone is not sufficient to ensure health, well- being, and equity in health. Universal health coverage

8. Access Universal access Access is the capacity to use comprehensive, appropriate, timely, quality health services. In accordance with needs. Addresses SDHs with a multisectoral approach. Active participation of individuals and communities. Access is the capacity to use comprehensive, appropriate, timely, quality health services. In accordance with needs. Addresses SDHs with a multisectoral approach. Active participation of individuals and communities. No geographical, economic, sociocultural, organizational, or gender barriers preventing anyone from using comprehensive health services. Universal access to health

9. Universal access to health and universal health coverage: All people and all communities should have access, without discrimination, to comprehensive, appropriate, timely, quality health services, while ensuring that using these services does not expose users to financial hardship.

10. Resolves to adopt the Strategy for Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage. Resolves to adopt the Strategy for Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage. Urges Member States to take action, each country taking into account its national context and priorities. Urges Member States to take action, each country taking into account its national context and priorities. Requests the PAHO Director to take action and develop tools to help implement the Strategy. Requests the PAHO Director to take action and develop tools to help implement the Strategy. PAHO Resolution CD53.R14

11. SL1: Expanding equitable access to comprehensive, quality, people- and community-centered health services. Take progressive steps to expand universal access to comprehensive health services. Identify the different unmet health needs in the population, as well as the specific needs of groups in conditions of vulnerability. Improve and increase the response capacity of the primary care level coordinated in IHSs. Boost human resources capacity at the primary care level, increasing employment opportunities, especially in underserved areas.

12. SL2: Strengthening stewardship and governance Formulate and implement a set of actions to strengthen stewardship and governance of the health sector: (i.e., public health functions, legal and regulatory framework); Establish and/or strengthen formal mechanisms for social participation and accountability; Set national targets and goals; formulate action plans; identify priorities for 2014-2019; Reduce the system’s level of fragmentation and segmentation, progressively and equitably expanding universal services.

13. SL3: Increasing and improving financing, with equity and efficiency, and advancing toward the elimination of direct payment

14. Incidence of catastrophic health expenditures, 2004-2010 (or closest year); Note: significant differences in the average when *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05. Catastrophic health expenditures are defined as a threshold of 25% of non-food consumption. Source: PAHO, 2015.

15. SL4: Strengthening intersectoral coordination to address the social determinants of health. Examples of intersectoral policies Programs for Social Protection Promotion of the physical activity Workers' health Environmental protection Vehicle regulation and road safety Exercise leadership to impact policies, plans, regulations, and extrasectoral actions that address the social determinants of health. Implement plans, programs, and projects to help empower people and communities.

16. Wishes v Resources: Where there’s a will, there’s a way…. Plans of Action for Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage in nine countries since October 2014; Various actions to strengthen health systems: –Ecuador, Panama, and Honduras: integration of subsystems (SS and MH); –Belize, Bahamas: progress national health insurance mechanism; –El Salvador, Paraguay, Chile: strengthening primary care level, coordinated in INHSD; –Jamaica: elimination of payment at point of service; –Haiti: national dialogue on health financing; –Brazil: incorporation of >14,000 physicians in primary care centers to ensure access to health services in decentralized areas; Regional Consultations 2015: (i) high level forum on organization of health services (ii) system quality; and (iii) health financing.

17. ‘Today we all face the urgent need for robust and resilient health systems, capable of responding effectively to health emergencies, while ensuring universal and equitable access to quality health services in a sustainable way. This is the fundamental objective behind the construction of resilient health systems, as highlighted by the Strategy for Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage, approved by the Region in 2014. ….what we aim for is “a health sector with adequate, nationally-led and sustained capacity to ensure that member states are resilient enough to protect the physical, mental and social wellbeing of their communities and rapidly recover from disasters”. ‘ Regional Statement to the 68 th WHA Building Resilient Health Systems Statement delivered by Minister A. Gaviria, Minister of Health Colombia, on behalf of WHO Member States from the Americas, at the 68 th WHA, Friday May 22, 2015

18. “We are obliged to act, given the moral imperative to improve equity and promote health and development….I am confident that universal health coverage is within the reach of the Region in the not- so-distant future. ” Dr. Carissa Etienne Director of PAHO/WHO MEDICC Review, 2015, Vol. 17 16 Thank you