1. GLOBAL CHALLENGES: URBANISATION, CLIMATE CHANGE, LIVELIHOODS AND FOOD SECURITY Water, Sanitation & Food Security Presented at African European Residential School University of Botswana P.T. Odirile, University of Botswana 04/08/2014

2. Background  Food security is a multi-faceted concept, variously defined and interpreted.  At one end of the spectrum food security implies the availability of adequate supplies at a global and national level;  at the other end, the concern is with adequate nutrition and well-being.

3.  WHO defines food security as “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.”  The three main aspects of food security are:  food availability,  food access, and  food use  The world now recognizing that food security challenges cannot be met until safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are available in the world’s poorest communities.

4. Safe Water Safe water does not have any detectable faecal contamination in any 100 ml sample and meets the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (2006). Sanitation Generally refers to the provision of facilities and services, such as latrines, for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. Also refers to wastewater disposal, garbage collection and disposal and insect/rodent control.

5. Global Problems  The major global challenges faced by the sanitation sector are; Climate Change many people without sanitation, health effects of poor sanitation, water shortage and pollution, food insecurity, urban growth and the inadequacy of current sanitation options. Water Scarcity/stress

6. Mulnutrition

7. The global picture Total Sanitation Coverage 2006 Less than 50% 50 – 75% 76 – 90% 91 – 100% No or Insufficient data Sources: World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: special focus on sanitation. UNICEF, New York, and WHO, Geneva, 2008.

8. Progress towards the MDG sanitation target 2006 On track Progress but insufficient Not on track No or insufficient data Coverage in 2006 was less than 5% below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or coverage was higher than 95%. Coverage in 2006 was 5 to 10% below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target. Coverage in 2006 was more than 10% below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or the 1990–2006 trend shows unchanged or decreasing coverage. Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends. Sources: World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: special focus on sanitation. UNICEF, New York, and WHO, Geneva, 2008.

9. The history of management of water and used water over the 20 th century and beyond 1970 2000 Supply Management Demand Management Reuse Management Priority 1: provide water no longer the only concern Priority 1: reduce water volume and emerging interest in wastewater Pri 1: wastewater quality Jan-Olof Drangert, Sweden

10. Estimated outflow from WWTW

11. Time to search for technical solutions!

12. The Water & Wastewater Infrastructure System Treatment plant Treatment plant Disposal Reuse Supply Distribution system Collection system Drainage system

13. Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems

15. DEWATS WATER REUSE YOUR BENEFITS WITH DEWATS BIOGAS

16.  The non-regulated use of treated water in agriculture  The non-existing reuse criteria related to hygiene, public health and quality control  The non-existing reuse criteria related to irrigation techniques, degree of wastewater treatment, and choice of areas and types of crops to be irrigated  The lack of efficient control and monitoring of urban wastewater treatment plants  The lack of trained personnel both in the competent authorities and the treatment plants  The low level of awareness of the farmers and the public at large

17. Education/Awareness Strategy Best Practices & Effective Policies Promotion Strategy Sustainable & Controlled Treatment Strategy Sustainable Wastewater Reuse Strategy

18. Conclusions The highest priority in the wastewater management sector has to be given to setting up an effective wastewater management system which will include:  Maximization of collection of wastewater  Upgrading the existing wastewater collection systems  Rehabilitation or upgrading of existing wastewater treatment plants or the construction of new treatment plants  Establishment of proper standards for influent and effluent wastewater quality  Education of the farmers

19. Problems associated with WW reuse  Social acceptance (farmers, retailers and consumers): This is the most sensitive area of this topic. Farmers are not going to reuse water, if their product cannot be sold.  Consumers will not buy products where reuse water was used unless it is proven to be safe Social issues play a significant role in water reuse initiatives and should be adequately addressed. With adequate political will accompanied by awareness programmes these cultural, religious and social objections can be overcome.

20. Grease trap Greywater arrangements Hose for tap water Kitchen sink Curtesy of S. Cummings, Caroma, Australia J-O Drangert, Linköping university, Sweden Check what connections are in use in the area Connect a rubber hose to the outlet which can reach where (grey-) watering is needed Maintain water speed: make use of gravity and no bends

21. ENVIRO TOILET SYSTEMS Waterless composting toilet system

22. Double flush urine diverting toilets of different designs

23. Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal (a 2) Waterless and odourless urine-diverting toilet Co-compost bin Resting bin for faeces Porcelain UD-toilet Collection bin Shute Urine tank with tap

24. The role of sanitation in solving the looming water and nutrient crises and global warming - save H 2 O (demand management) and prevent pollution of H 2 O - use treated greywater to save on ground- and surface water - provide nutrients (N, P, K and S) from households and restaurants - recycle nutrients and organics for food production and soil restoration Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping university, Sweden - reduce emissions of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases

25. Ecological sanitation is a safe approach to recovering nutrients from human excreta. NUTRIENTS FROM FOOD TO PEOPLE TO FOOD

26. ’’Closing the loop’’ Proposed scenario Current situation = Faecal sludge crisis: Faecal sludge management overview uncontrolled disposal illegal dumping no beneficial reuse But how to deal with liquid effluent? (need to add water to empty pit by pumping)

27. Principle:  Organic ≠ other solid waste  Stormwater ≠ sewage  Industrial ≠ household wastewater  Toilet water ≠ greywater  Faeces ≠ urine Strategies for sanitation improvements

28. A new approach for sustainability The discharged waste is an unlimited resource! - if it is clean enough There is no scarcity of natural resources for households – only poor management of the natural resources we already command! The crucial question to ask is therefore: ”What comes out at the end of the sanitation system?”

29. CONCLUSIONS

30. Current Projects in Botswana  Wastewater effluent from GWWTP for horticultural projects  Grey water reuse is becoming popular among locals  Decentralised Wastewater systems just being introduced.

31. references  Lentner, C., Lentner, C., Wink, A. 1981. Units of Measurement, Body Fluids, Composition of the Body, Nutrition. Geigy Scientific Tables. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd, Basle, Switzerland. ISBN 0-914168- 50-9.  Feachem, R.G., Bradley, D.J., Garelick, H., Mara, D.D. 1983. Sanitation and Disease. Health aspects of excreta and wastewater management. World Bank studies in water supply and sanitation. John Wiley and Sons. New York.  Harvey, P., Bastable, A., Ferron, S., Forster, T., Hoque, E., Morris, L., Piano, E., and Smith, M. (2007) Excreta Disposal in Emergencies: A Field Manual, WEDC, Loughborough University Available: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/new_projects3.php?id=15 *http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/new_projects3.php?id=15  Heinss, U., Larmie, S. A., and Strauss, M. (1998) Solids separation and pond systems for the treatment of faecal sludges in the tropics. Lessons learnt and recommendations for preliminary design. EAWAG/SANDEC, D ü bendorf, Switzerland. http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_ewm/do wnloads_ewm/solids_sep_and_pond_treatm.pdf * http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_ewm/do wnloads_ewm/solids_sep_and_pond_treatm.pdf  Steiner, M., Montangero, A., Kon é, D., and Strauss, M. (2002) Economic aspects of low-cost faecal sludge management. Estimation of collection, haulage, treatment and disposal /reuse cost, EAWAG/SANDEC, D ü bendorf, Switzerland. http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_ewm/do wnloads_ewm/FSM_cost_report.pdf * http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_ewm/do wnloads_ewm/FSM_cost_report.pdf  WHO/UNICEF (2006) Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target – The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. Available: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp2006/en/index.html (provided under Course 1 Unit 1 Assigned Reading) http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp2006/en/index.html

32. Thank You!