1. Kazakhstan and Ukraine Agriculture: Opportunities for Growth and Development Through Improved Knowledge Systems

2. Outline of Presentation Introductory Comments Returns to Research and Extension USA Experience Developments in Kazakhstan Developments in Ukraine Evaluation Recommendations Concluding Observations

3. Introduction Experience of the USA—not as a guideline but for ideas on how to make Extension work Situation in Kazakhstan Situation in Ukraine Ideas to make both systems work better Both will have elements of their own culture and history

4. Returns to Extension and Research Recent IFPRI Study of All Analyses to Date Major Conclusions 40-60 percent overall Higher returns for research than for both research and Extension Implications for Kazakhstan and Ukraine

5. USA Experience Cooperative Extension Approach Agriculture or Broader Based Extension Traditional Areas for Programs Organization within the University Funding of Extension Extension—Bottom-up/Top-down Extension and Distance Education Public and Private Goods Magnitude of Budget

6. Digression on Public/Private Goods What is a public good What is a private good What is a quasi public good How to address those in the middle

7. Developments in Kazakhstan Ministry of Agriculture Extension centers Locations of Extension centers Kazakh National Agricultural University High schools Experimental program Digital system for dissemination Outreach programs of Institutes Oblast Programs NGO Programs

8. Developments in Ukraine Experimental Programs in the early 1990s by donors Extension nearly stopped when the funds ran out Today there are two major programs; the leftovers from the donor funded programs and a University program There are as well NGO and oblast programs

9. Evaluation of Extension Programs Planning Design Implementation Evaluation approaches

10. Impacts on the Agricultural Economy and the Country Large increases exports are a real possibility Food security will become a more complicated issue for Kazakhstan—will likely be addressed differently than now State policy must change to allow the market to play a larger role Water management requires policy and educated practitioners

11. Recommendations Set of steps annually Get a vision Set a road map Review each year Show progress

12. Concluding Observations Take what appears useful from the USA model of Extension Merge with the history and cultures of Kazakhstan and Ukraine Initiate the planning process Make changes reflecting results Move a broad program for Extension