1. Mythology, Olympics, Culture, and Philosophy

2.  Student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by:  Describing Greek Mythology and religion  Citing contributions in drama, poetry, history, sculpture, architecture, science and mathematics  Essential Questions:  How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition?  What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the contemporary world?  What were some important contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization?

3.  A term that shows emphasis on exciting stories rather than precise moral laws  Morals come from philosophies  Greek Mythology is polytheistic

4.  Zeus: Chief ruler of the gods  God of the sky, lightening and thunder  Hera  wife of Zeus and protector of marriage  Athena  goddess of wisdom and crafts  Apollo  God of the sun and poetry  Aphrodite  Goddess of love  Poseidon  God of the Seas  Hades  God of the Underworld  Artemis  Goddess of the Hunt, Apollo’s twin sister

5.  Each city-state had a special guardian  Guardian was celebrated with special prayers, gifts, rituals, and festivals.  Helpful to keep Gods in good moods  No moral guidance or hope of happy afterlife  Oracles: Oracles:  Locations where you could ask the Gods questions  Answers were interpreted by Priests

6.  Greek mythology differed from other religions in that it was more an attempt to understand human qualities than divine ones  The gods and goddesses represented human strengths and weaknesses  Moral issues were left for the humans to solve themselves.  No single source of written scripture such as the Qur’an or the Bible

7.  Myths gave the Greeks explanations to questions they couldn’t answer  Greek mythology still continues to influence the Western world in literature, art, architecture, and politics

8.  Athletic contests  Several games:  Isthmos games held every two years at the Gulf of Corinth  Pythian games held every four years at Delphi  Most Famous: held at Olympia, took place every four years  The Ancient Olympics started roughly around 700 B.C.E to honor Zeus

9.  No women allowed  Not even to watch  Only Greek nationals could perform  Performed nude  Inside temple at Olympia was Phidias's statue of Zeus, an Ancient wonder of the WorldAncient wonder of the World  Originally a one-day festival of athletics and wrestling  By 472 B.C.E it had expanded to five day and many more events  One the “middle day” or third day of the festival 100 oxen were sacrificed to Zeus

10.  Traditional style  Parthenon  Used for 200 years  Set standards for future artists  Sculpture  Phidias ▪ Sculpture of Athena ▪ Figures that were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed ▪ Faces only showed serenity  Classical Art ▪ Valued order, balance, and proportion

11.  Balance, Harmony  Parthenon: simple rectangle, tall columns, gently sloping roof  Columns:  Doric  Ionic  Corinthian

12.  By 450 B.C. Greek Sculptors feature natural poses  Carved gods, goddesses, men, women to most perfect and graceful form.

13.  Epic poems  The oldest known Greek literary sources, the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on events surrounding the Trojan War.  Both written by Homer ▪ In these stories the Greeks interacted with the Gods ▪ Humans were differentiated by their lack of miraculous powers ▪ The stories of the Gods explained the sorrows and surprises of human life as the whims and actions of the Gods

14.  Greeks invented it  Productions in Athens were both an expression of civic pride and tribute to the gods  Actors used colorful costumes, masks, and sets to dramatize stories about leadership, justice, and the duties owed to the gods.  Two kinds of plays:  Tragedy  Comedy

15.  1 st plays out of religious festivals  Performed in large outdoor theaters  Chorus sang or chanted comments on the action  Explored the relationships between people and the gods

16.  Tragedies: told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster  Purpose to stir emotions of pity and fear

17.  Serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal  Featured:  Main character, or tragic hero  Often had extraordinary talents and a tragic flaw  Flaw led to hero’s downfall  Three famous dramatists:  Aeschylus ▪ The Oresteia ▪ Wrote more than 80 plays  Sophocles ▪ Oedipus, Antigone ▪ Wrote more than 100 plays  Euripides ▪ Medea ▪ Sympathetic to women

18.  Contained scenes filled with slap-stick and crude humor  Often satires  Works that poked fun at the subject  Customs, politics, respected people  Aristophanes  The Birds  Lysistrata  Allowed for free discussion and criticism

19.  Herodotus  “father of history”  Visited lands, chronicled information  Thucydides  wrote about Peloponnesian war ▪ Lived through the war  Vividly described savagery  Set standards for future historians

20.  Student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by:  Describing Greek Mythology and religion  Citing contributions in drama, poetry, history, sculpture, architecture, science and mathematics  Essential Questions:  How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition?  What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the contemporary world?  What were some important contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization?