1. Nuclear fusion and Radioactivity PDP Physics Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet

2. GENERATING ELECTRICITY

3. Electricity generation wind hydroelectric coal oil natural gas biofuel solar power geothermal (nuclear)

4. Electricity generation presentation in a group of 2 or 3 on google drive or prezi about 3-4 minutes Your presentation should answer the following: How does it work? What energy conversions are involved? How efficient is it? How much power does a typical plant produce? How much power is generated in total in Sweden? Where do the resources originate? What are the benefits of this method of generating electricity? What are the problems? How significant are they? What is the future potential?

5. Electricity bill in kWh http://www.dolceta.eu/sverige/Mod 6/Elrakningen.html

6. kiloWatthours are units of energy 1kWh = 1kW used for 1 hour Energy = power × time 1kWh ≈ 4MJ

7. Comparing different energy uses Fluctuations  kWh per day kWh/d is a unit of power power = energy/time

8. Energy density of a fuel energy density = energy released mass of fuel energy density in MJ/kg Uranium 79 500 000MJ/kg Coal 24MJ/kg

9. Efficiency What percentage of the energy comes out as useful energy? efficiency = energy out × 100 energy in

10. WHAT IS NUCLEAR FUSION?

11. WHAT ARE ATOMS BUILT FROM?

12. Atoms atomic number mass number relative atomic mass electron shell isotope atomic mass unit, u elementary charge, e electronVolt, eV

13. Atomic structure 7 Li 3 Atomic number, Z Mass number, A

14. Atomic nucleus Strong nuclear force (protons and neutrons) Electrostatic force (protons and electrons)

15. Subatomic particles ProtonElectronNeutron Charge, e+10 Mass, u1.0070.005481.009 Location in atomnucleusshellsnucleus

16. ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

17. An elementary particle has no internal structure and is not made from smaller constituents. A composite particle is made from elementary particles.

18. Particles are made of particles A proton is built from 3 quarks

19. composite: atom proton neutron elementary: electron quark neutrino proton

20. RADIOACTIVITY

21. Ionizing radiation consists ofmasschargepenetrating power α alpha β - beta γ gamma

22. Background radiation is the natural radiation from materials in the environment including rocks, the air and living organisms varies with location

23. What is the relationship between Z and N? Research the stable isotopes of as many atoms as possible and plot a graph of N against Z Plot a trendline and write down the gradient. Explain what the gradient means for this graph. Explain why this pattern occurs using ideas about the strong nuclear force and the electrostatic force.

24. Nuclear Radiation Stable or unstable?

25. Geiger-Müller tube (GM tube) Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger_counter

26. Nuclear symbols The nucleus of an atom can be represented as: A Z X A is the atomic mass (number of protons + neutrons) Z is the atomic number (number of protons- see Periodic Table) X is chemical symbol (see Periodic Table)

27. Alpha decay 219 86 Rn  215 84 Po + 4 2 α Z decreases by 2 A decreases by 4

28. Write nuclear decay equations for the alpha decay of: Polonium-218 Gold-196

29. Beta decay 14 6 C  14 7 N + 0 -1 β + 0 0 ν Z increases by one A constant

30. Write nuclear decay equations for the beta decay of: Phosphorous-32 Iodine-131

31. Radioactivity

32. Decay series

33. HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE AN UNSTABLE ATOM TO DECAY?

34. Half life The time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope in a sample to halve or The time it takes for the count rate from a sample containing the isotope to fall to half its starting level Images: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebit esize/science/add_aqa/atoms_radiati on/nuclearradiationrev7.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebit esize/science/add_aqa/atoms_radiati on/nuclearradiationrev7.shtml

35. Half life

36. Activity The activity of a sample, A, is the number of decays in one second. The decay constant, λ, is the probability that a single nucleus will decay in one second. N is the total number of unstable nuclei

37. Radioactive decay law

38. ARTIFICIAL TRANSMUTATION

39. Artificial transmutations

40. NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY

41. Bang! Trinity testTrinity test plutonium fission 84 TeraJoules = 20 kton TNT

42. Bang! first H bomb test in 1952first H bomb test hydrogen fusion 44 PetaJoules = 10 Mtons of TNT

43. Nuclear fission

44. Nuclear fusion

45. unified atomic mass unit 1u is 1 / 12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom m p = 1.007276u m n = 1.008665u m e = 0.0005486u

46. Atoms are lighter than the nucleons which they are built from the mass defect, δ is the difference between the total mass of the individual nucleons and the mass of the atomic nucleus mass defect of Helium m He = 4.0026u

47. Binding energy

48. How much energy is released when a helium nucleus is formed? mp = 1.00728u mn = 1.00866 mass of 42He nucleus = 4.00153u 1u = 1.66054 x 10 -27 kg = 931.494MeVc -2

49. Atoms are lighter than the nucleons which they are built from the mass defect, δ mass from n and p  energy released as nucleus is made Tsokos p.387qn1

50. binding energy per nucleon

51. Fission and fusion How does the curve of binding energy per nucleon explain why fission of heavy elements releases energy, while fusion of light elements releases energy?

52. NUCLEAR FISSION

53. Nuclear Fission a nuclear chain reaction sustained by neutronsnuclear chain reaction 1 0 n + 235 92 U  141 56 Ba + 92 36 Kr + 3 1 0 n a. What is the mass change? b. How much energy is released per nucleus in Joules? c. How much energy in Joules is released by 1g of Uranium enriched to 3% U-235? U-235 = 235.04392uneutron = 1.0086 Ba-141 = 140.91441uKr-92 = 91.92615u

54. The fission of one atom of U-235 generates 202.5 MeV = 3.244 × 10 −11 J equivalent to 19.54 TJ/mol = 83.14 TJ/kg

55. Designing a nuclear reactor: maintaining the reaction enrichment size of fuel block speed of neutrons moderator- slows neutrons control rods- absorb neutrons heat exchanger- transfer heat

56. Reactor core

57. Nuclear power plant Advantages: high energy density huge reserves of U Disadvantages : radioactive waste Accident risk Proliferation Non-renewable

58. Nuclear waste: mix of isotopes with short and long half lives spent fuel in a storage pond underground storage

59. Production of Plutonium-239 238 92 U + 1 0 n  239 92 U 239 92 U  239 93 Np + 0 -1 β + 0 0 ν 239 93 Np  239 94 Pu + 0 -1 β + 0 0 ν plutonium is toxic, but can be reprocessed and used in a fast breeder reactor (or for a fission bomb)

60. NUCLEAR FUSION

61. Nuclear Fusion Reaction 2 1 H + 3 1 H  4 2 He + 1 0 n

62. How much energy is released in nuclear fusion? Deuterium 2.01410u Hydrogen 1.00783u Helium-44.00260u neutron1.0086u

63. Nuclear binding energy

64. Fusion reactors Benefits Very high energy density Large resources of fuel in seawater Less radioactive waste Problems Complex technology Not currently viable Waste

65. Joint European Torus 10MW for 0.5s (50% of input power) 3m radius 3.45T magnetic field current 3MA ITER

66. Teaching notes