1. 1 Cultural diversity and the global economic crisis: a cultural economics perspective David Throsby Professor of Economics Macquarie University, Sydney International Summer School: Valuing Cultural Diversity in Cities: Challenges to Cultural Economics Island of Procida, Italy, 7 September 2009

2. 2 Evolution of international interest in cultural diversity establishment of UNESCO in 1947 cultural policy conferences (Mexico 1967, MONDIACULT 1982, Stockholm 1998) World Commission on Culture and Development (1994) Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001) Cultural Diversity Convention (2005)

3. 3 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions Motivations cultural goods in international trade cultural impacts of globalisation culture and sustainable development Outcomes focus on the developing world importance of cultural policy international relations protection of vulnerable cultural expressions

4. 4 Implementation (1): Sustainable Development Article 2 Para 6 – Principle of sustainable development: Cultural diversity is a rich asset for individuals and societies. The protection, promotion and maintenance of cultural diversity are an essential requirement for sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations. Article 13 – Integration of culture in sustainable development: Parties shall endeavour to integrate culture in their development policies at all levels for the creation of conditions conducive to sustainable development and, within this framework, foster aspects relating to the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions.

5. 5 Implementation (2): Vulnerability and Protection Article 8 – Measures to protect cultural expressions 1. … a Party may determine the existence of special situations where cultural expressions on its territory are at risk of extinction, under serious threat, or otherwise in need of urgent safeguarding. 2. Parties may take all appropriate measures to protect and preserve cultural expressions in situations referred to in paragraph 1 … 3. Parties shall report to the Intergovernmental Committee … all measures taken to meet the exigencies of the situation, and the Committee may make appropriate recommendations.

6. 6 Conclusions: directions for cultural policy clearer articulation of economic relationships and the cultural sector increased attention to creative industries continuing role for creative arts and heritage international dimensions: cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue, human rights and democracy