1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Chapter 19: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley This lecture will help you understand: Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Functional Groups Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Amines and Alkaloids Carbonyl Compounds Polymers

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry A branch of chemistry involving the study of carbon-containing chemical compounds.

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 100,000 new ones each year Organic Chemistry Organic Compound: A carbon containing chemical compound natural synthetic Over 13 million known!

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry Why is carbon so special?

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry Why is carbon so special? Carbon atoms connect with one another through strong and stable covalent bonds.

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry CCC C C C NNN N N N OOO O O O SS S SS

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry CCC C C C NNN N N N OOO O O O SS S SS 347 kJ/mol

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry CCC C C C NNN N N N OOO O O O SS S SS 347 kJ/mol 159 kJ/mol

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry CCC C C C NNN N N N OOO O O O SS S SS 347 kJ/mol 159 kJ/mol 138 kJ/mol

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry CCC C C C NNN N N N OOO O O O SS S SS 347 kJ/mol 159 kJ/mol 138 kJ/mol 226 kJ/mol

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry S S S S S S S S Sulfur, S 8

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry S S S S S S S S Sulfur, S 8 More atoms of the same element bound together like this is rare…

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry S S S S S S S S Sulfur, S 8 More atoms of the same element bound together like this is rare… …for every element except carbon….

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Diamond

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry Why is carbon so special? Carbon atoms connect with one another through strong and stable covalent bonds. Carbon atoms also readily form bonds with many other types of atoms. This provides for a near infinite number of different kinds of organic compounds.

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry To appreciate organic chemistry, please minimize memorization…

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon: A chemical compound containing only hydrogen and carbon.

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Structural isomer: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different structures.

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Structural isomer: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different structures.

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Structural isomer: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different structures. “configurations”

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Structural isomer: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different configurations. Configuration: The specific way in which the atoms of a molecule are connected to one another.

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Structural isomer: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different configurations. Configuration: The specific way in which the atoms of a molecule are connected to one another. “Configuration” = “Connectivity”

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley C 7 H 16 C 8 H 18 C 10 H 22 C 20 H 42 C 6 H 14 C 5 H 12 9 18 75 366,319 5 3 Formula Number of possible isomers

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single configuration.

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single configuration. Rotate this bond

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single configuration.

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single configuration. Like pivoting your arm at the elbow

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single configuration. These are two “conformations” of the same configuration.

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 3 H 8 B.C 4 H 10 C.C 5 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 3 H 8 B.C 4 H 10 C.C 5 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 3 H 8 B.C 4 H 10 C.C 5 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER

34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 3 H 8 B.C 4 H 10 C.C 5 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c H H H HH H H H H H H H Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 3 H 8 B.C 4 H 10 C.C 5 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c H H H HH H H H H H H H Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons

37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Carbon always forms four bonds.

38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Carbon always forms four bonds.

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Carbon always forms four bonds. Some of these bonds, however, may be within multiple bonds.

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Carbon always forms four bonds. Some of these bonds, however, may be within multiple bonds.

41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon containing one or more multiple bonds.

42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon containing one or more multiple bonds. A special case of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is the benzene ring.

43. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon containing one or more multiple bonds. A special case of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is the benzene ring.

44. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon containing one or more multiple bonds. A special case of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is the benzene ring.

45. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 5 H 10 B.C 5 H 12 C.C 6 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

46. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 5 H 10 B.C 5 H 12 C.C 6 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER

47. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 5 H 10 B.C 5 H 12 C.C 6 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c Unsaturated Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER

48. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 5 H 10 B.C 5 H 12 C.C 6 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c H H H HH H H H H H Unsaturated Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER

49. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 5 H 10 B.C 5 H 12 C.C 6 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c H H H HH H H H H H Unsaturated Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER

50. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Functional Groups Heteroatom:Any atom other than hydrogen or carbon in an organic molecule.

51. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Functional Groups Heteroatom:Any atom other than hydrogen or carbon in an organic molecule. Functional Group: A combination of carbon, hydrogen, and heteroatoms that behave as a single unit.

52. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Functional Groups Heteroatom:Any atom other than hydrogen or carbon in an organic molecule. Functional Group: A combination of carbon, hydrogen, and heteroatoms that behave as a single unit. Organic molecules are classified by the functional groups they contain.

53. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Functional Groups Heteroatom:Any atom other than hydrogen or carbon in an organic molecule. Functional Group: A combination of carbon, hydrogen, and heteroatoms that behave as a single unit. Organic molecules are classified by the functional groups they contain. For example…

54. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Functional Groups

55. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley In which of the following structures is carbon bonded five times? A.B.C.D. Functional Groups CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

56. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A.B.C.D. Explanation: Carbon can never be bonded five times! In none of the above structures is carbon indicated to be bonded five times. Sorry for the trick question… In which of the following structures is carbon bonded five times? Functional Groups CHECK YOUR ANSWER

57. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A.B.C.D. In which of the following structures is carbon bonded five times? Functional Groups CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

58. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A.B.C.D. Explanation: Carbon can never be bonded five times! Structure C, therefore, is NOT a plausible structure for any existing organic compound. In which of the following structures is carbon bonded five times? Functional Groups CHECK YOUR ANSWER

59. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

60. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Alcohols Contain the Hydroxyl Group Hydroxyl Group

61. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Methanol (bp 65°C)

62. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ethanol (bp 78°C)

63. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-Propanol (bp 97°C)

64. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols Contain the Phenol Group Phenol

65. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic

66. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic

67. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic

68. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic H+H+

69. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic H+H+

70. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic H+H+

71. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic

72. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic

73. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic

74. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic

75. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic

76. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic

77. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 4-n-Hexylresorcinol

78. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Thymol

79. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ethers contain an oxygen bonded to two carbons Ether Group

80. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Dimethyl ether (bp −25°C)

81. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Dimethyl ether (bp −25°C) Ethanol bp 78°C

82. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Diethyl ether

83. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Amines and Alkaloids

84. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Amines form alkaline solutions Amine Group

85. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ethyl amine

86. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

91. Hydroxide ion

92. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Caffeine Phosphoric acid

93. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phosphoric acid Caffeine salt

94. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phosphoric acid Caffeine salt Water soluble

95. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Which of the following compounds should have a higher boiling point? A.Structure A. B.Structure B. C.Both the same. D.No way to tell. N H O Structure AStructure B Amines and Alkaloids CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

96. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Which of the following compounds should have a higher boiling point? A.Structure A B.Structure B C.Both the same D.No way to tell Explanation: Structure B has a hydrogen attached to a strongly electronegative atom, nitrogen. This makes for a polar N—H bond that participates in hydrogen bonding. N H O Structure AStructure B Amines and Alkaloids CHECK YOUR ANSWER

97. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Carbonyl Compounds

98. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Carbonyl A carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom Carbonyl

99. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ketone Group

100. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ketone Group Aldehyde Group

101. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Acetone

102. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley AcetoneAcetaldehyde

103. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley FormaldehydeAcetone

104. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Citral

105. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Cinnamonaldehyde

106. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Benzaldehyde

107. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Vanillin

108. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Amide Group

109. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide DEET

110. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Carboxyl group

111. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

119. Salicylic acid

120. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Acetylsalicylic acid Aspirin

121. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ester group

122. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Salicylic acid

123. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Salicylic acid H 2 SO 4 CH 3 OH

124. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Methyl salicylate (Wintergreen)

125. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Penicillin

126. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The amino acid lysine is shown below. What functional group must be removed in order to produce the very smelly amine cadaverine, which is 1,5-pentanediamine? A.The hydrogen (shown) must be removed and replaced with an amino (NH 2 ) group. B.Lysine is 1,5-pentanediamine. Nothing has to be removed. C.The carboxyl group must be removed and replaced with a hydrogen. D.One amino group must be removed and replaced with a hydrogen. Lysine Carbonyl Compounds CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

127. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The amino acid lysine is shown below. What functional group must be removed in order to produce the very smelly amine cadaverine, which is 1,5-pentanediamine? A.The hydrogen (shown) must be removed and replaced with an amino (NH 2 ) group. B.Lysine is 1,5-pentanediamine. Nothing has to be removed. C.The carboxyl group must be removed and replaced with a hydrogen. D.One amino group must be removed and replaced with a hydrogen. Lysine Carbonyl Compounds CHECK YOUR ANSWER

128. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Polymer:A very long organic molecule made by the joining together of smaller organic molecule units known as monomers.

129. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Polymer:A very long organic molecule made by the joining together of smaller organic molecule units known as monomers. Monomer

130. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.

131. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Ethylene CC H H H H CC H H H H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.

132. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Ethylene CC H H H H CC H H H H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.

133. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Ethylene CC H H H H CC H H H H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.

134. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Ethylene H CC H H H CC H H H H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.

135. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Ethylene H CC H H H CC H HH H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.

136. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers H CC H H CC H HH HH Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.

137. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers H CC H H CC H HH HH H CC H HH H CC H HH C H H H C H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.

138. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers H CC H H CC H HH HH H CC H HH H CC H HH C H H H C H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.

139. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers H CC H H CC H HH HH H CC H HH H CC H HH C H H H C H Ethylene Polyethylene C H H C H H

140. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Propylene CC CH 3 H H H CC H H H Propylene

141. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Polypropylene C H CC H H CC HH H H CC H HCH 3 CC HH H C HH H Propylene H C H C H CH 3

142. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers

143. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers

144. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Condensation Polymer: A polymer formed when the joining of monomer units is accompanied by the loss of a small molecule, such as water.

145. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers

146. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers CONSIDER THIS… Many of the natural product molecules synthesized by plants are formed by the joining together of isoprene monomers via an addition polymerization. A good example is the flavoring molecule citral, which is made of two isoprene units. Find and circle these units within the structure shown to the right. Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) Citral Polymers

147. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Many of the natural product molecules synthesized by plants are formed by the joining together of isoprene monomers via an addition polymerization. A good example is the flavoring molecule citral, which is made of two isoprene units. Find and circle these units within the structure shown to the right. Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) Citral Polymers

148. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Beta-carotene is a natural addition polymer made of eight isoprene units. Find and circle these units within the structure shown below. Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) Beta-carotene Polymers

149. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Beta-carotene is a natural addition polymer made of eight isoprene units. Find and circle these units within the structure shown below. Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) Beta-carotene Polymers