1. Chapter 2 Principles of ECOLOGY
Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow

2. Priority Academic Student Skills: P.A.S.S.
Content Standard 4: The Interdepedence of organisms --- Interrelationship and interactions between and among organisms in an environment is the interdependence of organisms. Objective 1: Matter on the earth cycles among the living and nonliving components of the biosphere. Objective 2: Organism both cooperates and competes in ecosystem (i.e. parasitism and symbiosis)

3. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
Objectives:
DISTINGUISH between the biotic and abiotic factors in the environment.
COMPARE the different levels of biological organization and living relationships important in ecology.
EXPLAIN the difference between a niche and a habitat.

4. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
New Vocabulary and Review Vocabulary on page 35
Student is responsible for defining and understanding the vocabulary for this section.
Failure to learn shall result in a decrease in grade.

5. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
I. Organisms and Their Environment A. Sharing the World 1. Studying nature B. What’s ecology? 1. Definition of ecology 2. Ecology research C. The Biosphere 1. Structure of the biosphere 2. The nonliving environment 3. The living environment

6. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
A. Sharing the World 1. Studying nature The study of plants and animals, including where they grow and live, what they eat, or what eats them, is called natural history.

7. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
B. What is ecology?
1. Definition of ecology
2. Ecological research
ECOLOGY is the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.
Ecological research combines information and techniques from many scientific fields, including mathematics, chemistry, physics, geology, and other branches of biology.

8. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
C. Biosphere
1. Structure of the biosphere
2. The nonliving environment
3. The living environment
The BIOSPHERE is the portion of the Earth that supports living things.
ABIOTIC FACTORS are the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment such as the air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.
BIOTIC FACTORS are all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.
Consider both factors when viewing a biosphere.

9. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
I. Organisms and Their Environment D. Levels of Organization 1. Interaction within populations 2. Interaction within communities 3. Biotic and abiotic factors form ecosystems E. Organisms in Ecosystems 1. Niche

10. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
D. Levels of Organization
1. Interaction within populations
Levels include the organism by itself, populations, communities, and ecosystems.
POPULATION is a group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area at the same time.

11. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
D. Levels of Organization
2. Interaction within communities
BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY is made up of interacting populations in a certain area at a certain time.
Refer to Figure 2.3 page 39 and Figure 2.4 page 40.

12. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
D. Levels of Organization
3. Biotic and abiotic factors form ecosystems
An ECOSYSTEM is made up of interacting populations in a biological community and the community’s abiotic factors.
Two major types of kinds of ecosystems --- terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic ecosystem. Refer to Figure 2.5 and Table 2.1 on page 41

13. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
E. Organisms in Ecosystems 1. Niche A HABITAT is the place where an organism lives out its life. A NICHE is all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment --- how it meets its specific needs for food and shelter, how and where it reproduces.

14. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
I. Organisms and Their Environment F. Survival Relationships 1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism 3. Parasitism

15. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
F. Survival Relationships: three types SYMBIOSISIC RELATIONSHIPS
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism
SYMBIOSIS is the relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species.
Also means living together.

16. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
F. Survival Relationships
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism
MUTUALISM is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. Ex: ants and acacia tree – Figure 2.7 page 44
COMMENSALISM is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited. Ex: Figure 2.8 page 45.
PARASITISM is a symbiotic relationship in which a member of one species benefits at the expense of another species. Ex: Figure 2.9 page 45 is a tick.

17. Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment
Section Assessment page 45 Understanding Main Ideas Answer all questions: #1 to #4 Thinking Critically Answer #5 question

18. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
Objectives:
COMPARE how organisms satisfy their nutritional needs.
TRACE the path of energy and matter in an ecosystem.
ANALYZE how matter is cycled in the abiotic and biotic parts of the biosphere.

19. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
New Vocabulary and Review Vocabulary on page 46
Student is responsible for defining and understanding the vocabulary for this section.
Failure to learn shall result in a decrease in grade.

20. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
I. Nutrition and Energy Flow A. How Organisms Obtain Energy 1. The producers: Autotrophs 2. The consumers: Heterotrophs B. Flow of Matter and Energy in Ecosystems 1. Food chains: Pathways for matter and energy 2. Trophic levels represent links in the chain 3. Food webs 4. Energy and trophic levels: Ecological pyramids

21. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
A. How Organisms Obtain Energy
1. The producers: Autotrophs
2. The consumers: Heterotrophs
AUTOTROPHS is an organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy-rich compounds.
HETEROTROPHS is an organism that cannot make its own food and feeds on other organisms.
Three kinds of HETEROTROPHS: herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores (also scavengers)
DECOMPOSERS are organisms that break down the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into simpler molecules that can be easily absorbed.

22. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
B. Flow of Matter and Energy in Ecosystems 1. Food chains: Pathways for matter and energy FOOD CHAIN is a simple model that scientists use to show how matter and energy moves through an ecosystem. Refer to Figure 2.12 pages Notice that the order is autotrophs to first-order heterotrophs to second-order heterotrophs to third-order heterotrophs to decomposers (which is at every level of the food chain) An arrow is used to show the movement of energy through a food chain.

23. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
B. Flow of Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
2. Trophic levels represent links in the chain
Each organism in a food chain represents a feeding step,
or TROPIC LEVEL, in passage of energy and materials.
Refer to Figure 2.12 on pages 48 to 49
Notice that the order is
autotrophs to first-order heterotrophs to second-order heterotrophs to third-order heterotrophs to decomposers (which is at every level of the food chain)
An arrow is used to show the movement of energy through a food chain.

24. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
B. Flow of Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
3. Food webs
A FOOD WEB shows all the possible feeding
relationships at each tropic level in a community. The
FOOD WEB is more realistic model than the web
chain because most organisms depend on more than
one other species for food.
Refer to Figure 2.13 page 51.

25. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
B. Flow of Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
4. Energy and trophic levels: Ecological pyramids
An ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID can show
how energy flows through an
ecosystem.
Refer to Figures 2.14, 2.15, and 2.16
on pages 52 and 53.
BIOMASS is the total weight of living
matter at each tropic level.

26. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
I. Nutrition and Energy Flow C. Cycles in Nature 1. Introduction 2. The water cycle or hydrologic cycle 3. The carbon cycle 4. The nitrogen cycle 5. The phosphorus cycle

27. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
C. Cycles in Nature
1. Introduction
Sunlight is the primary source of all this energy, and is always being replenished by the sun.
Matter, in the form of nutrients, also moves through, or is part of, all organisms at each tropic level. Matter is constantly recycled. It is never lost.
Recall the conservation of energy and mass concept from 8th grade General Science.

28. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
C. Cycles in Nature
2. The water cycle or hydrologic cycle
3. The carbon cycle
Student shall be able to draw, label and explain
seven parts of the WATER CYCLE as shown on
Figure 2.17 page 53.
Student shall be able to draw, label and explain a
minimum five parts of the CARBON CYCLE as
shown on Figure 2.18 page 55.

29. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
C. Cycles in Nature
4. The nitrogen cycle
5. The phosphorus cycle
Using Figure 2.19 on page 56, student
shall be able to explain and describe the
NITROGEN CYCLE.
Using Figure 2.20 on page 57, student
both the short-term cycle and long-term
cycle of the PHOSPHORUS CYCLE.

30. Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
Section Assessment page 57 Understanding Main Ideas Answer all questions: #1 to #4 Thinking Critically Answer #5 question

31. STUDY GUIDE page 61 CHAPTER 2 ASSESSMENT KEY CONCEPTS VOCABULARY
Student is responsible for knowing and
understanding key concepts .
VOCABULARY
Student is responsible for defining ,
knowing and understanding all the
vocabulary.

32. CHAPTER 2 ASSESSMENT Must turn into teacher
Vocabulary Review page 62 Answer questions #1 to #5 Understanding Key Concepts Answer questions #6 to #9 Constructed Response pg 62 Pick one question and answer. Thinking Critically page 62 Pick one question and answer

33. CHAPTER 2 ASSESSMENT Must turn into teacher
Standardized Test Practice page 63 Answer questions #17 to #22